History key terms

The dishonest taking of money or valuable property entrusted to someone’s care.

Leaving a country to settle in another country.

A political system ruled by an emir. The Taliban described the Afghanistan it governed as an Islamic Emirate.

A group of territories or peoples controlled by one ruling power.

An official document used under the 1962 Commonwealth Immigrants Act to authorise entry into Britain for work.

A law passed in March 1933 that allowed Hitler’s government to make laws without the Reichstag’s approval, including laws that departed from the constitution.

The fear of being surrounded by potentially hostile powers. Germany feared France to its west and Russia to its east.

The consolidation and fencing of land for private use, which could remove villagers’ customary rights to use common land.

The holder of an encomienda.

A system assigning Indigenous communities to Spanish colonists to provide labour or tribute, supposedly in return for protection and Christian instruction.

A wartime classification for someone whose nationality connected them to a country at war with Britain; it did not necessarily indicate their political loyalties.

The wars between Charles I and Parliament over royal authority, religion and control of government, which culminated in the king’s defeat and execution in 1649.

A company organising English merchants’ overseas trade, whose representatives sought trading privileges from Jahangir.

The process of religious change through which England broke with the authority of the Pope and its Church came under royal control.

An eighteenth-century intellectual movement that emphasised reason, observation, education and the possibility of improving society.

A person held as another person’s property and forced to work without freedom to leave.

A legal arrangement restricting the inheritance of an estate to a specified line of heirs.

A friendly understanding between states. An entente does not necessarily require them to fight together in a war.

The 1904 agreement between Britain and France which settled colonial disputes and improved relations, without creating an automatic obligation to fight together.

A persuasive argument in which part of the reasoning may be left unstated for the audience to supply.

A person who sets up a business, taking financial risks in the hope of making a profit.

Colonial products specifically listed in trade laws, such as sugar and tobacco, whose export destinations were restricted.

A plan to surround an enemy force by attacking its sides and rear.

A representative sent by a state to deliver messages or take part in discussions with another state.

A long poem about heroic characters and their deeds.

An outbreak of disease affecting many people in a community or region over a particular period.

The study of patterns of disease in populations, including how diseases spread and how they can be controlled.

The 30,000 young Persians trained and armed in the Macedonian manner who threatened the existing Macedonian soldiers’ sense of importance.

Evidence provided by inscriptions: words cut or written onto surviving objects or surfaces.

Government of a church by bishops.