Key Terms & Definitions

A value that, when raised to the power n, equals the original number.

A timekeeping system that resets at midday, using a.m. for morning and p.m. for afternoon/evening.

The 1865 constitutional change that ended slavery in the USA.

The 1868 constitutional change that formally 'nationalized' citizenship and barred states from depriving persons of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.

A law enforcing "Fish Days" on specific days of the week to support the English fishing industry and ensure a supply of trained sailors for the navy.

A set of 17 printed instructions issued by Elizabeth I's Privy Council to standardise the response to plague outbreaks across England.

The 1870 constitutional change that declared voting rights could not be denied on the basis of race.

A legal decree by Charles II mandating that all female roles in theatre must be played by women.

An act that broke the London Guild of Distillers' monopoly and encouraged domestic distilling, leading to the Gin Craze.

A law that made poaching a capital offence to protect the property of wealthy landowners.

The turning point legislation that successfully curbed the Gin Craze by banning small shop sales, restricting licenses, and using harsh punishments.

The provisional military demarcation line established by the Geneva Accords, temporarily dividing North and South Vietnam.

A prison reform law championed by Robert Peel that mandated separating male and female prisoners and providing doctors.

The legislation establishing the first professional, centralised police force in London.

The first major piece of British government legislation on public health, establishing a General Board of Health, though it was largely optional for towns.

A severe pollution event where the smell of untreated sewage in the River Thames forced the national government to fund London's sewer system.

The 'transition' stage of national public health reform that compelled local authorities to inspect for 'nuisances', defined overcrowding, and required house connections to main sewers.

A landmark piece of legislation that forced local councils to provide clean water, build sewers, and appoint health inspectors, ending laissez-faire.

The 1919 constitutional amendment that banned the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol in the U.S.

Legislation that created the CUKC status, granting all Commonwealth subjects the legal right to enter, live, and work in the UK.

The international agreement that ended the First Indochina War and temporarily divided Vietnam at the 17th Parallel.

The modern legislation that suspended the death penalty in Britain.

A constitutional amendment ratified in 1920 that legally granted all American women the right to vote.

Saddam Hussein's term for Kuwait after its annexation, claiming it as a historical part of the Iraqi Basra Governorate.

The specific pair of chromosomes in humans that determines an individual's biological sex.

A continuous timekeeping system running from 00:00 to 23:59 that does not use AM or PM notation.

A timekeeping system that runs continuously from 00:00 to 23:59 without resetting at midday.

Simple diagrams showing alternating charges, but failing to show the 3D structure or multi-directional nature of electrostatic forces.

The circle of latitude used as the original pre-war boundary, and roughly the post-war boundary, between North and South Korea.

The three-dimensional geometric setting (involving length, width, and depth) in which shapes like cuboids exist, requiring extended formulas or 2D extraction to solve for diagonals and angles.