Key terms & definitions

The constant ratio of a circle’s circumference to its diameter: $\pi=\frac{C}{d}\approx3.14159$.

A structured approach to recovery involving admitting the addiction, accepting help from a higher power, examining past behaviour, making amends and maintaining recovery through mutual support.

The line of latitude at 17° north, used in the 1954 Geneva settlement to divide Vietnam temporarily into northern and southern zones.

The agreement that ended Red Cloud's War: the US abandoned its forts on the Bozeman Trail, and a Sioux reservation was established that included the Black Hills.

The change to the US Constitution ratified in 1920 that prohibited denying voting rights on the grounds of sex.

A flat shape or representation with two dimensions, such as width and height.

A quantity with both a size and a direction; in two dimensions, it can describe horizontal and vertical movement.

A coordinated campaign that reaches audiences through several channels and experiences, rather than relying on one promotional medium.

The line of latitude at 38° north, used to divide Korea after the Second World War. The final military dividing line lay near it rather than following it exactly.

A statement of Anglican doctrine which rejects the doctrine of purgatory.

Cinema that presents slightly different views to each eye to create an impression of depth.

An object with three dimensions: width, height and depth.

A physical or digital representation of a product with height, width and depth.

Manufacturing a three-dimensional object by adding material in successive layers from a computer-generated design.

A solid object with length, width and height.

A name given to people who travelled to the Californian goldfields during the rush of 1849.

A nickname for migrants who travelled to the California goldfields during the gold rush of 1849.

The line of latitude at 49° north, used in the 1818 agreement to settle the boundary between British and US territory in the northern Great Plains.

A Buddhist nationalist campaign in Myanmar which claimed to protect Buddhism and promoted anti-Muslim messages, including calls to boycott Muslim-owned businesses.

A Hindu act of worship in which light is offered before a deity.

Humiliated or brought low; in Douglas’s poem, the word describes the fallen enemy’s loss of dignity.

An Aramaic word meaning ‘Father’, used by Jesus when addressing God in prayer. It expresses their close relationship.

A monastery governed by an abbot or abbess.

The head of a community of monks.

A broad occupational grouping covering higher and intermediate managerial, administrative and professional occupations, together with supervisory, clerical and junior managerial occupations.

A rhyme pattern in which the second and fourth lines rhyme, while the first and third do not share that rhyme.

Albert Ellis’s cognitive explanation of depression, in which an activating event (A) is interpreted through beliefs (B), leading to emotional and behavioural consequences (C).

To give up the throne.

The act of a monarch giving up the throne.

Muscles at the front of the trunk between the ribs and pelvis that help bend and turn the trunk and stabilise the core.