Key Terms & Definitions

A value that, when raised to the power n, equals the original number.

The property qualification established in 1832 that gave the vote to men occupying a property with a yearly rental value of £10 or more.

A state where the total power input to a device is exactly equal to its useful power output, with no wasted energy.

The political instability following Edward the Confessor's death in January 1066, involving claimants Harold Godwinson, William of Normandy, and Harald Hardrada.

A severe power vacuum following the death of the Great Seljuk Sultan that shattered the Muslim empire into rival, warring factions just before the First Crusade.

A length of ticker tape containing 10 gaps between dots, representing a time interval of 0.2 seconds at 50 Hz.

The forced incorporation of Normandy into the French royal domain following the fall of Château Gaillard and Rouen.

A saturated compound formed from an alkene where two bromine atoms are attached to the first and second carbon atoms of the main chain.

The precise IUPAC name for the saturated, colourless product formed when ethene undergoes an addition reaction with bromine.

A timekeeping system that resets at midday, using a.m. for morning and p.m. for afternoon/evening.

The exact date when East German forces officially closed the border between East and West Berlin, initiating the construction of the barrier.

The 1865 constitutional change that ended slavery in the USA.

The 1865 constitutional amendment that legally abolished slavery across the entire United States.

The 1868 constitutional change that formally 'nationalized' citizenship and barred states from depriving persons of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.

A change to the US Constitution that ensures all citizens receive 'equal protection of the laws'.

A constitutional amendment guaranteeing all citizens 'equal protection of the laws', which Thurgood Marshall successfully used to prove school segregation was unconstitutional.

The exact total of Richard I's ransom, equivalent to roughly £100,000 or over three years of the English Crown's annual income.

A military campaign where Wolsey successfully managed the complex logistics of food, weapons, and transport, proving his worth to Henry VIII.

A highly unpopular tax originally granted to fund a war, but collected during peacetime in 1536, targeting an unprecedented total of £80,000.

The first legal step in the state seizure of monastic property, targeting religious houses with an annual income of less than £200.

A law that declared both Mary and Elizabeth illegitimate, ensuring only children from Henry's marriage to Jane Seymour could inherit the throne.

A law designed to prevent the gentry from using legal loopholes to avoid paying inheritance taxes (feudal incidents) to the King.

A law enforcing "Fish Days" on specific days of the week to support the English fishing industry and ensure a supply of trained sailors for the navy.

A 1570 census of the poor in Norwich which showed that 80% of the population lived in poverty.

Law passed following the Papal Bull making it high treason to deny Elizabeth as the lawful Queen of England.

A magnificent 19-day royal visit by Elizabeth I to Kenilworth, hosted by Robert Dudley at immense personal expense to win her favour.

A set of 17 printed instructions issued by Elizabeth I's Privy Council to standardise the response to plague outbreaks across England.

The 1870 constitutional change that declared voting rights could not be denied on the basis of race.

An 1870 addition to the US Constitution that theoretically guaranteed citizens the right to vote regardless of their race.

A legal decree by Charles II mandating that all female roles in theatre must be played by women.