History key terms

An Egyptian goddess associated with magic, healing and protection; in Egyptian mythology she was the wife of Osiris and mother of Horus.

The religion followed by Muslims, who believe in one God and recognise Muhammad as God's prophet.

Someone who believes society and government should follow a strict interpretation of Islamic religious law and accepts violence as a means of achieving this.

A policy of avoiding involvement in other countries’ conflicts, particularly European wars in the case of the USA before its entry into the First World War.

Equality before the law among citizens. Maeandrius’ promise of equality and shared political power represented an offer to move towards democratic government.

Israel’s national armed forces, established from the Haganah as the new Israeli state was created in 1948.

A narrow strip of land joining two larger land areas, with water on either side.

A travelling preacher who addresses different communities rather than serving only one settled congregation.

A supporter of the claim of the exiled Stuart dynasty to the throne, against the monarchs who ruled after James VII and II lost power in 1688.

An assignment of revenue from a particular area to support an official; it did not mean ownership of that land.

The Mughal emperor who ruled from 1605 to 1627, succeeding his father Akbar.

Jahangir’s memoirs, also known as the Tuzuk-e Jahangir, recording court life, political events, family matters and his interest in nature.

A member of the wealthy ruling elite in Viking society.

A style of music developed by African American musicians from traditions including blues and ragtime; it became closely associated with dancing and youthful social freedom in the 1920s.

A member of the Society of Jesus, a Catholic religious order whose missionary work included strengthening and spreading Catholicism.

People connected by Jewish religion, traditions and communal life. Medieval English Jewish communities maintained synagogues, religious learning and links with Jewish communities overseas.

The Mughal emperor’s public appearance at a balcony, allowing subjects to see him and pay their respects. Aurangzeb ended this practice because of its religious associations.

State and local laws that enforced racial segregation and restricted African Americans' rights in the American South.

Aggressive patriotism that supports asserting national power through threats, military action or conquest.

A tax imposed on non-Muslim subjects under Muslim rule; Akbar abolished it in the Mughal Empire.

The classification of a job into a pay grade through an assessment of its demands, such as the skill required.

Legal restrictions reserving particular occupations, especially skilled jobs, for white workers.

Legal responsibility for a crime committed with another person. In Bentley’s case, the prosecution argued that he had encouraged Craig to shoot, although Bentley did not fire the shot.

A company funded by investors who share the financial risks and hope to receive a share of its profits.

The Scandinavian name for York during the Viking period.

A skilled worker employed by a master; in Spitalfields, journeyman silk weavers worked at looms.

A skilled weaver employed by a master rather than operating as the master of a business.

Anti-government demonstrations in Petrograd in early July 1917 that failed and were followed by arrests of Bolsheviks.

Wealthy Prussian landowning aristocrats who held influential positions in the army and government and generally defended conservative, authoritarian rule.

The geographical area or type of work over which an authority has responsibility.