History key terms

A trader operating without authorisation in an area where a company claimed exclusive trading rights.

Movement from one place to another within the same country.

An official identity document used within a country to regulate residence and movement.

The buying and selling of enslaved people within the United States, including their forced movement from the Upper South to the Deep South.

A confrontation between states that creates a serious risk of war.

An approach to international relations based on countries cooperating through shared organisations, rules and agreements.

Confinement by the government without an ordinary criminal trial, often used during wartime against people considered a security threat.

Someone who translates spoken language so that people speaking different languages can communicate.

The period between the execution of Charles I in 1649 and the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, when England had no monarch.

A temporary ruler appointed during a gap in supreme leadership. In the traditional account of the Republic’s foundation, an interrex organised the selection of new magistrates.

An Arabic word meaning ‘shaking off’, used for a Palestinian uprising against Israeli occupation.

The name colonial opponents gave to the punitive Coercive Acts of 1774 and the associated Quebec Act, which they regarded as threats to their rights.

An itemised record of possessions at a particular time.

Police work aimed at discovering what happened in a crime and identifying the offender by collecting and checking evidence.

The formal conferring of a Church office through presentation of its emblems. Lay investiture meant a secular ruler performing this act.

Money committed to a commercial activity, such as a trading voyage, in the expectation of receiving a financial return.

A person who provides money for a project in the hope of gaining a financial return.

Protection against violation or attack, applied particularly to the persons of the plebeian tribunes.

Unemployment concealed by excluding people from official statistics, rather than finding them paid work.

A region on the western coast of Asia Minor containing Greek cities, including Miletus, which were subject to the Persian Empire.

The rebellion of Greek cities in western Asia Minor and their allies against Persian rule, eventually defeated by Persia.

The overthrow of Iran’s monarchy in 1979 and establishment of an Islamic government led by Ayatollah Khomeini.

A Jewish armed organisation opposed to continued British rule in Palestine. It carried out the King David Hotel bombing on 22 July 1946.

A person who believed Ireland was a distinct nation and should govern itself. Nationalists differed over whether to seek Home Rule or full independence.

People who want a united Ireland. Many pursued this aim through peaceful constitutional politics rather than violence.

An armed organisation seeking to end British rule in Northern Ireland and achieve a united Ireland; its campaigns included attacks on military and civilian targets.

The political and ideological division between Soviet-dominated Eastern Europe and the Western countries during the Cold War.

Supplying land with water through channels or other artificial means so that crops can grow.

The International Security Assistance Force, established under UN authority in December 2001 initially to help maintain security in Kabul.

The equal right of citizens to speak in the Athenian Assembly.