History key terms

A flushing toilet, also called a water closet.

The political scandal arising from the 1972 break-in at Democratic Party offices and the subsequent exposure of a cover-up and wider abuses of presidential power.

A wall construction made from branches woven together.

A method of building walls using woven branches coated with a mixture containing mud.

A chief minister in the Mughal government.

Nuclear, chemical or biological weapons capable of causing destruction or casualties on a large scale.

Nuclear, chemical and biological weapons capable of causing destruction or casualties on a large scale.

A London craft organisation associated with the weaving trade, which admitted many Huguenot weavers as members.

Germany’s democratic system of government between 1919 and 1933.

Government support intended to improve people’s living conditions, including financial assistance, healthcare and help with housing.

Changes intended to improve people’s health and living conditions, involving greater responsibility for their welfare.

A system in which the government provides services and financial support to protect people against problems such as illness, unemployment and poverty.

The border region between England and Wales, where powerful Marcher lords had exercised extensive local authority.

Kaiser Wilhelm II’s ‘world policy’, intended to make Germany a leading global power through overseas expansion, international trade and a powerful navy.

An Anglo-Saxon system of compensation paid to an injured person or the family of someone who had been killed; amounts varied with injury and social status.

An Anglo-Saxon kingdom in southern England, ruled by Alfred, which resisted Viking conquest.

The main area of fighting between Allied and German forces in France and Belgium during the First World War.

A newspaper founded by Claudia Jones in 1958 that gave Caribbean communities in Britain a voice and campaigned against racism and inequality.

A woman employed to breastfeed another woman's baby.

A member or supporter of the political grouping that emerged during the succession crisis of 1679–1681, supporting James’s exclusion from the throne and opposing the danger of Catholic, arbitrary government.

The political grouping that supported excluding the Catholic James, Duke of York, from the throne.

A group of Whitechapel businessmen and residents, led by George Lusk, which organised patrols, private detective work and a reward during the 1888 murder investigations.

Organisations of white segregationists established in the South after the 1954 school desegregation ruling, which used economic, social and political pressure to resist integration.

A resistance group founded by students in Munich in 1942 which distributed leaflets condemning Nazi rule and crimes.

The diverse anti-Bolshevik armies of the Russian Civil War, whose supporters included monarchists, former army officers, liberals and some socialists.

The racist belief that white people are superior to other racial groups.

Irish Jacobite soldiers who left Ireland after the Treaty of Limerick in 1691 to serve abroad, particularly in France.

A supporter of William III against James II, particularly during the war in Ireland.

A line or group of trees that shelters land and crops from strong winds.

A wind-powered machine that pumps underground water to the surface.