Key terms & definitions

Authority accepted because of established customs and inherited status.

Plant material such as wood, charcoal and crop waste burned directly as fuel, often for cooking and heating.

The shared customs, beliefs, festivals and artistic practices passed down through generations.

Fuels such as wood, charcoal and dried animal dung used particularly for cooking and heating.

An established religious song, often used by generations of worshippers, which praises God or expresses Christian beliefs.

Established forms of communication such as newspapers, television and radio.

Prayer using established words passed down through the Christian community, recited from memory or read.

A build-up of vehicles that slows traffic because demand for road space exceeds the road's capacity.

A build-up of vehicles on roads that slows traffic and causes delays.

Red, amber and green colour coding showing whether a food is high, medium or low in fat, saturates, sugars or salt.

A serious dramatic form in ancient Greece which often used mythical stories to explore suffering, conflict and difficult moral choices.

A play that moves towards catastrophe, suffering and death, often exposing the interaction between human choices and forces beyond individual control.

Drama exploring serious conflict and suffering, often through stories about mythological figures.

A character whose suffering and downfall invite pity, sometimes alongside recognition of destructive choices or flaws.

A weakness or error that contributes to a tragic character’s downfall. Macbeth’s unchecked ambition can be interpreted as his tragic flaw.

A central character whose downfall involves significant errors or weaknesses and invites both sympathy and criticism.

A reversal in which an action or belief produces a disastrously different result from the one intended or expected. Cassius dies believing Titinius has been captured, although Titinius has actually been welcomed by friends.

Drama combining serious threats or suffering with comic elements and an ending that avoids tragic catastrophe.

An activity in which hounds follow an artificially laid scent trail rather than deliberately pursuing a live animal.

Zeros written after the final non-zero digit; in a decimal value, they can show the precision with which the value is reported.

The name associated with the forced removal and suffering of Indigenous peoples, especially the Cherokee removal beginning in 1838.

A selected group of militia members retained for additional military drill in the Tudor period.

Local militia units whose members received some military training but normally continued their civilian occupations.

Developing employees’ knowledge and skills so that they can carry out their work more effectively.

A planned programme that uses scientific principles to improve performance, skill and fitness.

A lasting change in the body that develops in response to repeated training.

A change to a training programme, such as altering the type, intensity or duration of exercise to suit the participant's needs.

The length of time an exercise session or activity lasts.

How hard a performer works during exercise, which can be expressed as a percentage of maximum heart rate or one repetition maximum.

The form of exercise used to improve fitness, such as continuous, Fartlek or weight/resistance training.