Key terms & definitions

A ridge of deposited sediment connecting an island to the mainland.

A change in the attitude or feeling conveyed by a speaker, such as a movement from affectionate recollection to stern scolding.

The circular picture painted inside a cup.

The attitude or feeling conveyed by a text’s voice and wording, such as tenderness, anger or uncertainty.

The attitude conveyed by a writer’s voice, such as concern, confidence, respect or urgency.

Fine powder used to form the printed image in a photocopier or laser printer.

A common energy unit used to compare different fuels by their energy content. Statistics often use million tonnes of oil equivalent, abbreviated to mtoe.

Production equipment used to shape or make products, such as moulds and dies.

The cost of making or purchasing production tools, such as the mould used to shape a polymer product.

The programmed route followed by a cutting tool during manufacture.

The slight grain or roughness of a drawing surface that helps it hold pencil marks.

Damage to teeth caused by acids produced when bacteria in dental plaque use sugars.

Development planned and directed by governments or large organisations, with decisions made centrally.

Development in which governments or transnational corporations lead decisions and organise projects.

An approach in which government or other powerful organisations plan and direct improvements.

Using existing knowledge and expectations to interpret incoming sensory information.

A large-scale approach in which governments or other powerful organisations make decisions and direct investment.

A shrub or tree clipped into a deliberately shaped form.

A sentence stating the main argument of a paragraph and showing how it contributes to the essay’s answer.

A sentence that establishes a paragraph’s main focus, often near its beginning.

A map that emphasises connections between places rather than their exact distances, directions or shapes.

Visible stitching worked from the outside of a textile product, which can secure layers or folded seam allowances and contribute to its appearance.

The first five books of the Jewish scriptures, containing teachings and the 613 mitzvot traditionally understood to have been given by God to Moses.

A handwritten scroll containing the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, used for public readings during Jewish worship; also called a Sefer Torah.

The political grouping that opposed exclusion and defended hereditary succession and royal authority.

A tear in the cushioning tissue at a joint, commonly involving the meniscus in the knee.

A warship combining a reinforced ram with torpedo tubes, designed to ride low in the water. The Thunder Child uses its forward momentum to attack the Martian fighting-machines.

The turning effect of a force on a shaft or rotating component.

A twisting action produced when turning forces act in opposite directions on a material or object.

The deliberate infliction of severe physical or mental suffering to obtain information, punish, intimidate or control someone.