Key terms & definitions

Giving one-tenth of a person’s income, often to support a church or charitable work.

A local group whose members were collectively responsible for one another's behaviour and helping to bring suspects before a court.

Giving one-tenth of earnings or produce for religious purposes; some Christians continue this practice today.

The part of the 1964 US Civil Rights Act that prohibited employment discrimination on grounds including sex, covering hiring and promotion.

The solution delivered from the burette during a titration.

A method for measuring the volumes of two solutions that react together by adding one solution to a measured volume of the other until an indicator changes colour.

A method of finding the volume of one solution needed to react completely with a measured volume of another solution.

A graph of pH against the total volume of acid or alkali added during a titration.

The volume delivered from the burette during a titration, found by subtracting its initial reading from its final reading.

The volume of solution delivered from a burette during a titration, calculated as final reading minus initial reading.

A small group of related families that formed the basic unit of Lakota society.

The Aztec rain god, believed to provide essential rainfall but also to send destructive weather.

An Aztec ruler who also commanded military campaigns.

The people of independent Tlaxcala, longstanding enemies of the Mexica who allied with Cortés after initially fighting his forces in 1519.

Thin layer chromatography, in which the supporting surface is coated with a thin layer of material such as silica or aluminium oxide.

Tobacco mosaic virus: a plant pathogen that causes a mosaic pattern of leaf discolouration, reducing photosynthesis and growth.

A transnational corporation: a business that operates in more than one country.

Browning food using dry heat to develop its flavour, aroma and texture.

A widespread plant virus that causes a mosaic pattern of leaf discolouration, reducing photosynthesis and growth.

A widespread plant virus that causes a mosaic pattern of leaf discolouration and reduces plant growth by reducing photosynthesis.

A viral pathogen that causes mosaic-like leaf discolouration and reduced growth in tobacco and other plants.

A trial version of a garment, usually made from inexpensive fabric, used to check fit, shape and construction before using the final fabric.

Giving people the appearance of involvement while allowing them little or no real influence over decisions.

Respecting other people's freedom to hold and express beliefs, even when one disagrees with those beliefs.

The allowable variation from a specified dimension while a component still meets its required function and quality.

Needing an increased dose of a substance to achieve an effect previously produced by a lower dose.

The willingness to live peacefully alongside people whose beliefs, opinions or ways of life differ from your own.

The range of environmental conditions within which an organism can survive and reproduce.

Allowing some religious differences without attempting to eliminate them through persecution. Elizabeth’s early toleration was limited: attendance at Church of England services was still compulsory.

A charge paid to use a route, crossing or trading facility.