GradeGen

Development directed by governments or large organisations, often through major projects in which affected communities have limited influence over decisions.

Development in which governments or transnational corporations lead decisions and organise projects.

In top-down development, governments or TNCs lead decisions. Projects often include major roads, ports, airports, industrial developments or hydroelectric dams. Large schemes may need substantial funding, foreign loans and specialist technical support, including support from organisations such as the World Bank.

Top-down development is directed by powerful organisations, usually national governments working with international organisations or businesses. It commonly involves large investments intended to stimulate economic growth. Bottom-up development starts with local needs and involves communities in smaller projects, often with support from non-governmental organisations, or NGOs.

Top-down development is directed by governments or large organisations. It often involves expensive infrastructure and borrowing, while affected local people may have little say. Bottom-up development starts with community needs and involves local people in decisions, often alongside non-governmental organisations (NGOs).

Top-down development

Definition

How each exam board covers it

Edexcel GCSE Geography A · 1GA0

Edexcel GCSE Geography B · 1GB0

Revise Geography with GradeGen

OCR GCSE Geography B · J384