Key terms & definitions

A person who undertook risky overseas ventures seeking opportunities such as wealth, trade, territory or fame.

A word that modifies a verb, adjective or another adverb, often indicating manner, degree, time or place.

An unwanted or harmful response caused by a medicine or treatment.

Paid-for messages used by a business to promote its products or services.

A paid promotional message placed in media space or airtime.

A channel through which an advertisement reaches its intended audience, such as television, radio or a website.

Paid promotional content presented in the style of an editorial article.

Speaking or acting on another person’s behalf. Desdemona’s advocacy aims to reconcile Cassio with Othello.

Speaking up for oneself or representing another person’s needs, rights or views.

A title meaning protector of the church associated with Christ’s burial place in Jerusalem. It is commonly used to describe Godfrey of Bouillon’s position as ruler, although his precise title is disputed.

Athena’s protective breast covering, associated with snakes and the head of Medusa.

A protective garment associated with Athena, often shown with a Gorgon’s head.

The Trojan leader, son of Anchises and Venus, who settled his people in Italy and founded Lavinium; a legendary ancestor of the Romans.

Virgil’s epic poem about Aeneas. Book 8 includes a description of the Battle of Actium represented on a shield made by the god Vulcan.

The military treasury established by Augustus in AD 6 to provide discharge payments for army veterans, supported by dedicated tax revenues.

Adding air to water, usually to supply oxygen to microorganisms during biological treatment.

Introducing air into water, for example to provide oxygen for bacteria that break down organic waste.

The incorporation of air into a mixture, helping to produce a light texture.

A conducting rod or wire used to transmit or receive radio waves.

A metal conductor used to transmit or receive radio waves; also called an antenna.

A conductor used to transmit or receive electromagnetic waves.

A photograph taken from above the ground, useful for examining the arrangement of buildings and their relationship to the surrounding landscape.

A photograph taken from above the ground, usually from an aircraft or drone. It may look vertically down or obliquely across the landscape.

A shot filmed from above a location, often showing a large area.

Describes a process that occurs in the presence of oxygen.

Physical activity in which energy is released mainly using oxygen, allowing sustained effort.

Treatment in which microorganisms break down organic matter in the presence of oxygen.

The use of microorganisms supplied with oxygen to break down organic matter in waste water.

The body's capacity to take in, transport and use oxygen to support sustained exercise.

Decomposition in conditions where oxygen is available.