OCR GCSE History B key terms

Work serving a particular market or requiring particular skills, rather than competing directly across the wider labour market.

The murder of SA leaders and other political enemies on Hitler’s orders between 30 June and 2 July 1934, also known as the Röhm Purge.

The highest-ranking social group below the monarch, including people with titles such as earl or duke, usually supported by substantial landed wealth.

Spanish for ‘Night of Sorrows’: the costly Spanish retreat from Tenochtitlan on the night of 30 June–1 July 1520.

A way of life involving movement from place to place rather than permanent settlement, often to obtain food or other resources.

A member of a Protestant religious group outside the Church of England, such as the Baptists, Congregationalists or Methodists.

An invasion and takeover of England by William of Normandy and his followers, beginning with their victory in 1066.

The people of Normandy, whose culture developed from Scandinavian settlers mixing with the local population and adopting Christianity and a form of French.

The interpretation that the Norman Conquest imposed oppressive foreign rule on the English population.

People from Scandinavia and their overseas communities who shared related languages and cultural traditions during the Viking Age.

The pre-Christian religious beliefs and practices of the Vikings, including worship of gods such as Odin and Thor.

An alliance of Indigenous nations formed to resist American expansion into their lands in the region north of the Ohio River.

The hoped-for sea route around the north of North America that would give Europeans access to Asian trade.

Laws introduced in September 1935 that excluded Jews from Reich citizenship and prohibited marriage and sexual relations between Jews and people classified as having German or related blood.

Jahangir’s wife, originally named Mehr-un-Nisa, who married him in 1611 and exercised considerable political authority. Her title means ‘Light of the World’.

The group of powerful allies around Nur Jahan, initially including her father, her brother Asaf Khan and Prince Khurram.

The National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies, led by Millicent Fawcett, which pursued votes for women through constitutional methods such as petitions, demonstrations and parliamentary pressure.

A solemn promise. Crusader leaders had made commitments to Emperor Alexius concerning the return of former Byzantine territory.

A sworn promise of loyalty to a ruler.

The presence and control of a foreign military power in a defeated country or territory.

Actions and policies of authorities, such as the Crown, Parliament and local officials, towards migrants.

The form of English spoken and written in Anglo-Saxon England.

A country in which only one political party is legally permitted to exist.

A prison with fewer physical security restrictions, used for prisoners assessed as suitable for greater trust and freedom.

Unfenced grazing land on which cattle could roam.

An emergency mobilisation plan for the Reserve Army which the July 1944 conspirators intended to use to seize power after killing Hitler.

Words or actions which challenge a government, its authority or particular policies; these can range from private non-compliance to organised attempts to overthrow it.