OCR GCSE Geography B key terms

A measure combining undernourishment, child wasting, child stunting and under-five mortality. Higher scores indicate more severe hunger.

Gross national income divided by the population: the average annual income per person, usually expressed in US dollars.

A narrow, steep-sided valley, which can be left behind as a waterfall retreats upstream.

The steepness of a slope, calculated by dividing the vertical height difference by the horizontal distance, using the same units.

An area around a settlement where development is restricted to help prevent urban sprawl.

Land that has not previously been built on, such as farmland.

A gas in the atmosphere that absorbs and re-emits infrared radiation, slowing the loss of heat to space.

A coordinate reference that identifies a grid square or a position within it: four figures identify a square, while six figures locate a point more precisely.

The total value of goods and services produced within a country over a period, usually one year.

The value that producers add to goods and services. It is used to measure the output of an economy or sector.

Water stored underground in pores and cracks within soil and rock.

The period of the year when conditions allow plants and crops to grow.

Management using built structures, such as sea walls, groynes or flood embankments, to control natural processes.

The Human Development Index: a combined measure of health, education and income, scored between 0 and 1.

A section of land that projects into the sea, often formed where resistant rock erodes more slowly than neighbouring rock.

An area of volcanic activity associated with a rising mantle plume, which can occur away from plate boundaries.

A feature made or created by people, such as a building, road or field used for farming.

The geography of people and their activities, including settlements, population and land use.

Decayed organic matter in soil.

Erosion caused by the force of water striking rock and entering its cracks.

A drought in which water supplies, such as rivers, streams and reservoirs, are unusually low.

Growing plants without soil, with their roots supplied by a nutrient-containing solution.

A testable prediction that a geographical enquiry can investigate.

A cylinder of ice drilled from an ice sheet, containing layers and trapped gases that preserve evidence of past conditions.

Describes rock or another material through which water cannot readily pass.

People with long-standing ancestral connections to a place, whose cultures and livelihoods developed there before later settlement by outsiders.

Differences between people or places in income, living conditions and access to opportunities and services.

The number of deaths of children under one year old per 1,000 live births.