Hard engineering

The use of built structures to protect coastlines from erosion or flooding.

Flood management involving built structures or substantial alterations to a river channel.

Coastal protection using constructed structures to resist or alter natural coastal processes.

Flood management that involves building structures or artificially altering a river channel.

The use of constructed structures or physical alterations, such as embankments, sea walls and tidal barriers, to control water or resist waves.

Coastal protection using built structures, such as sea walls, groynes and rock armour, to resist or alter coastal processes.

Coastal management that uses built structures, such as sea walls and groynes, to reduce erosion or flooding.

The use of artificial structures to control floodwater or protect land and property from flooding.