AQA GCSE History key terms

Lending money at interest; this practice was forbidden to Jewish lenders by Edward I’s Statute of the Jewry in 1275.

Giving a preparation that stimulates protection against a disease. Jenner’s smallpox vaccination used material from cowpox sores rather than smallpox itself.

A person without a settled home or regular employment who moved from place to place, sometimes seeking work or begging; also called a vagabond.

A lord’s dependent landholder, owing loyalty and service in return for land.

A court's decision that an accused person is guilty or innocent.

An everyday language spoken by a population, rather than a scholarly or religious language such as Latin.

The peace agreements made after the First World War with Germany and the other defeated powers, which changed borders and imposed military and financial terms.

The power of a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council to block a substantive resolution.

A representative who governs a territory on behalf of a monarch.

A communist guerrilla movement fighting against the South Vietnamese government and its American allies.

The Vietnamese independence movement led by Ho Chi Minh which fought Japanese occupation and then French attempts to restore colonial rule.

The Vietnamese independence movement led by Ho Chi Minh, which fought to end French colonial rule.

Nixon’s policy of withdrawing US troops while strengthening South Vietnam’s armed forces so that they could take over the fighting.

People from Scandinavia who undertook overseas raiding, trading and settlement; some established kingdoms outside Scandinavia.

A peasant bound to a lord’s manor, owing labour services and needing permission for activities such as leaving or marrying.

The condition of being an unfree tenant under a lord, with restrictions on personal freedom and obligations such as labour services.

The Nazi ideal of a national community united by loyalty to the regime and defined by racial exclusion.

Reliance on voluntary action by businesses, charities and communities rather than compulsory government measures.

The Bolsheviks' emergency economic policies during the Civil War, including state control of industry, forced grain collection and restrictions on private trade.

Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles, requiring Germany to accept responsibility for wartime loss and damage and providing the basis for reparations.

Warfare intended to wear down an opponent’s troops, resources and willingness to continue fighting.

President Johnson's campaign, announced in 1964, to reduce poverty through measures including education, job training and support for disadvantaged communities.

The international campaign launched after the September 2001 attacks to combat terrorist organisations and regimes accused of supporting them.

The US government organisation established in January 1942 to direct the conversion of industries to wartime production.

The military alliance established in 1955 between the Soviet Union and communist states in Eastern Europe.

Exhaustion and declining willingness to continue a war, caused by prolonged fighting, casualties and hardship.

White Anglo-Saxon Protestant: a label associated with Americans of British Protestant ancestry.