AQA GCSE History key terms

A tax paid in goods rather than money; under the early NEP, peasants supplied grain to the state before selling their remaining surplus.

A person who occupies or farms land belonging to a landlord, usually in return for rent.

A person or institution, such as a baron or bishop, holding land directly from the king.

An area governed under United States authority that had not yet become a state. Utah became a US territory in 1850.

The use of fear, violence, arrest and imprisonment to discourage opposition and enforce obedience to a regime.

The use of violence and intimidation to pursue political or ideological aims.

A law passed in 1673 imposing a religious test for public office which excluded Catholics. James, Duke of York’s refusal to take its required oath made his Catholicism publicly known.

The widespread attacks launched by the Vietcong and North Vietnamese Army across South Vietnam during the Lunar New Year holiday in January 1968.

A period of easing hostility between the USA and USSR, during which improved relations and negotiations seemed possible.

The monarchy as an institution, including its powers, rights, lands and revenues, rather than simply the individual king.

The study of God, religious beliefs and religious teachings.

Galen’s approach to treatment: use qualities opposite to those associated with the humour believed to be causing illness.

The belief that health depended on balancing four bodily fluids: blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile.

A portable dwelling made from hides stretched over wooden poles, used by many nomadic Plains peoples.

The political grouping that opposed exclusion and defended hereditary succession and royal authority.

A member or supporter of the political grouping that emerged during the succession crisis of 1679–1681, opposing James’s exclusion and defending hereditary succession and royal authority.

A war in which a country mobilises its economy and civilian population, as well as its armed forces, for the war effort.

A government restriction or ban on trade with another country, usually intended to put political or economic pressure on it.

An organisation of workers that represents its members in negotiations over pay, working conditions and employment rights.

An exclusive right to conduct a particular trade, excluding unauthorised competitors.

The forced transportation of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic, principally to the Americas, where they were sold and exploited as labour.

An operation that replaces a damaged or failing organ with a donated organ.

The punishment of sending a convicted prisoner overseas to serve a sentence.

A serious offence against the monarch or state, including plotting to overthrow or kill the monarch.

A formal agreement between countries.

The settlement of November 1277 that left Llywelyn ap Gruffudd ruling only western Gwynedd, although he retained the title Prince of Wales.

The March 1918 peace agreement between Bolshevik Russia and Germany and its allies. It ended Russia’s participation in the First World War and imposed substantial territorial losses.