Key terms & definitions

A foreign incomer to the Transvaal, particularly someone attracted by its gold industry.

Foreign settlers in the Transvaal, many attracted by its gold mines. Restrictions on their political rights became a dispute between Britain and the Transvaal government.

The UK’s highest appeal court, hearing important civil appeals from all three legal systems and criminal appeals from England and Wales and Northern Ireland, with a more limited role in Scottish criminal matters.

A break or sore in the lining of an organ, such as the stomach.

Muslim religious scholars who interpret religious teachings and Islamic law.

Religious scholars trained in Islamic teachings and sources, whose expertise gives them authority to interpret religious guidance.

The forearm bone on the little-finger side, extending between the elbow and wrist.

Ireland's northern province, where Protestant Unionism was particularly strong, although its population was not uniformly Protestant or Unionist.

The organised settlement of people from England and Scotland on land in Ulster, a province in northern Ireland, during the early seventeenth century.

People belonging to the Scottish-descended communities of Ulster, in northern Ireland. In America, they were often called Scots-Irish or Scotch-Irish.

The deepest truth about existence, which religions may understand as God or in non-theistic ways.

A final demand with a deadline and a threatened consequence if it is rejected.

The pressure-driven filtering of small substances from blood in the glomerulus into Bowman’s capsule.

A sensor that can track an object's position by sending out ultrasound pulses and detecting their echoes.

A medical imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to produce pictures of structures inside the body.

Sound with a frequency above the upper limit of human hearing, normally 20 kHz.

The detailed structure of a cell that can be revealed using high-resolution microscopy.

The fine detail of a cell's sub-cellular structures, revealed by electron microscopy.

Electromagnetic radiation with frequencies above visible light but below X-rays. Exposure can cause sunburn, eye damage and an increased risk of skin cancer.

Electromagnetic radiation immediately beyond violet in the spectrum, with a shorter wavelength and higher frequency than visible light.

Radiation from sunlight that sunscreen is designed to stop reaching the skin.

The savoury basic taste associated with glutamate, found in foods such as meat extracts and some cheeses.

Umkhonto we Sizwe, meaning ‘Spear of the Nation’: the ANC’s armed wing, launched in December 1961 and commonly called MK.

The worldwide community of Muslims, united by their faith rather than by race or nationality.

Agreement by every member entitled to take part in a decision.

Using or accessing a computer system or its resources without permission.

Forces that combine to give a non-zero resultant force.

Forces acting on one object that combine to give a non-zero resultant force, changing its velocity.

A sample collected without a systematic tendency to favour or exclude particular outcomes.

A cause which does not itself depend on an earlier cause for its existence; believers identify this as God.