Key terms & definitions

The twelve disciples chosen by Jesus as his closest group of followers.

A Shi’a Muslim who recognises a succession of twelve Imams, the last of whom is believed to be in occultation.

A branch of Shi’a Islam that recognises twelve divinely appointed Imams.

The written collection of Roman laws produced by the decemvirs, covering matters including legal procedure, debt, property, family relationships and punishment.

A statement of the Nazi Party’s political aims, presented by Hitler on 24 February 1920, combining extreme nationalism, antisemitism, economic demands and authoritarian government.

People who have migrated twice. In Leicester’s case, many Asian migrants had moved from South Asia to East Africa before moving to Britain.

A weave with staggered interlacings that produce characteristic diagonal ribs.

An array of arrays that can represent a table or grid, with each individual value accessed using two indexes.

A data structure containing one-dimensional structures, with two indices needed to access an individual item within them.

A two-dimensional drawing or image used to communicate features of an object or structure that may actually extend in three dimensions.

Authentication requiring two different types of evidence of identity, such as a password and a code from a device the user possesses.

A conflict in which a country fights enemy forces in two separate geographical areas at the same time.

Negotiations in 1990 between East and West Germany and the USA, USSR, Britain and France to agree the international conditions for German reunification.

The British policy, established in 1889, that the Royal Navy should be at least as strong as the next two largest navies combined.

A binary representation of signed integers in which the leftmost bit has a negative place value. In eight bits, the column values are −128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2 and 1.

A shot containing two people, allowing their relationship to be expressed through their shared position within the frame.

A pattern of uneven economic development in which London and south east England attract greater growth and investment than many other parts of the UK.

Katz and Lazarsfeld’s model in which media messages reach opinion leaders, who interpret and pass them on to other people.

An arrangement in which county councils and district, borough or city councils share responsibility for different local services.

A table that classifies the same results in two ways, with row and column totals.

A table that classifies data by two characteristics, with one shown in the rows and the other in the columns.

The training method used, chosen to suit the intended fitness improvement.

A condition in which the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, causing uncontrolled high blood glucose.

A disorder in which the pancreas produces insufficient insulin, causing uncontrolled high blood glucose levels unless treated.

A condition in which body cells do not respond properly to insulin produced by the pancreas.

A disorder in which body cells no longer respond properly to insulin, so blood glucose levels can remain too high.

A condition in which blood glucose levels become too high; its risk is influenced by lifestyle factors, including physical inactivity.

A condition in which blood glucose becomes too high because body cells respond less effectively to insulin and the body may not produce enough insulin.

A check that input is of, or can be converted to, the required data type.

Changing a value from one data type to another, such as converting the string "12" to the integer 12.