Key terms & definitions

A slow twitch muscle fibre with low force, a slow speed of contraction and high endurance.

A fast twitch muscle fibre with high force, a moderate speed of contraction and medium endurance; it is more resistant to fatigue than type IIx.

A fast twitch muscle fibre with very high force, a fast speed of contraction and low endurance.

A bacterial infection spread through contaminated water or food, causing symptoms including fever and diarrhoea.

The name used for a tropical cyclone in the north-west Pacific Ocean.

An infectious disease which spreads through Lowood’s pupils in Chapter 9 and exposes the school’s harmful conditions.

The extent to which a historical site shares the characteristic features of other comparable sites.

The extent to which a feature or sequence is characteristic of a film’s wider style or of established genre conventions.

A socially produced image of the kind of person thought likely to commit crime, commonly stereotyped as young, male and working-class, and often from an ethnic minority background.

An approximate, representative value used as a benchmark; individual values can be higher or lower.

An approximate speed representative of an everyday activity or situation; individual speeds can be higher or lower.

Effectiveness during ordinary use, including mistakes such as missed pills or condoms slipping.

Contraceptive effectiveness during everyday use, including mistakes such as missed pills.

How well a method prevents pregnancy in real life, including mistakes or failures in use.

The arrangement of lettering, including its style, size and spacing.

The style, size and arrangement of lettering in a media product.

A classification of different types of behaviour or involvement.

A person who kills a tyrant. Harmodios and Aristogeiton were commemorated in Athens as the tyrannicides.

Rule in which a ruler exercises power arbitrarily, using fear or coercion and disregarding established restraints on authority.

Cruel or oppressive use of power by a ruler.

A ruler who held power outside the established constitutional arrangements, rather than through ordinary democratic authority.

A ruler who exercises power oppressively or cruelly.

The Jewish principle of preventing unnecessary suffering to animals.

Charitable giving understood as a duty of righteousness and justice, rather than simply an optional generous act.

Justice or righteousness; a principle requiring fair treatment and protection of vulnerable people.

A Jewish obligation to pursue justice through giving and supporting people in need; also spelt tzedakah. It is a duty, rather than simply optional generosity.

The Jewish teaching that human beings are created in the image of God, giving every person sacred worth.

Fringes attached to the corners of a Jewish prayer shawl or garment, reminding the wearer to obey God’s commandments.

A German submarine used to attack enemy shipping.

Ultra-high-temperature treatment: heating milk to a higher temperature for a shorter time to extend its shelf life.