Key terms & definitions

Decomposition in conditions where oxygen is absent or scarce.

The breakdown of organic matter by microorganisms without oxygen.

The breakdown of organic matter by microorganisms without oxygen.

Exercise in which energy is released without using oxygen, particularly during short, high-intensity efforts.

Respiration that transfers energy from glucose without using oxygen.

Respiration that releases energy from glucose without using oxygen.

Respiration that transfers energy from glucose without using oxygen. In muscle cells, it produces lactic acid.

The release of energy from glucose without using oxygen, producing lactic acid in muscles.

The heart-rate range from 80% to 90% of estimated maximum heart rate, used to guide higher-intensity anaerobic training.

Training involving high-intensity efforts in which energy is released anaerobically, without oxygen.

A target heart-rate range of 80–90% of maximum heart rate, used to develop anaerobic fitness.

A substance that prevents a patient from feeling pain during a medical procedure. General anaesthetics make the patient unconscious.

A moment of recognition in which a tragic character understands a crucial truth about their situation or errors.

A signal that varies continuously and can take any value within its range.

An electrical signal whose value varies continuously, rather than having only two states.

The process of changing a continuously varying analogue signal into discrete digital values.

A device that converts a continuously varying analogue signal into digital values that a computer can store and process.

A device or part of a microcontroller that converts an analogue voltage into a digital number that a program can process.

A comparison that uses a relationship between things to explain or argue for a similar relationship elsewhere.

A comparison between two things used to suggest that something true of one may also be true of the other.

To examine evidence in detail and explain relationships between its parts.

Examining information to identify patterns, trends, differences, anomalies and relationships.

An explanation of how a writer’s choices create meanings and effects, rather than simply a description of what happens.

An explanation of how particular choices in a text create meaning or influence readers.

Examining a design's features and explaining how they relate to its purpose, users and context.

An examination of how factors, evidence or ideas connect, including why something happens or matters.

An explanation of how particular film choices create meaning or shape spectators’ responses, supported by precise evidence.

The substance in a sample that is being investigated.

Writing that examines patterns or relationships and develops explanations of how or why they occur.

The Sikh marriage ceremony, meaning ‘blissful act’, in which the couple make a commitment in the presence of the Guru Granth Sahib.