Key terms & definitions

A two-handled vessel used for storage. Panathenaic prize amphorae held olive oil awarded to victors and carried images of competitive events.

A circuit that increases the size of a varying electrical signal using energy from a power supply.

The maximum size of a vibration or wave movement from its resting position.

The maximum displacement of a point on a wave from its undisturbed position.

The maximum displacement of a point on a wave from its undisturbed position. Amplitude is measured in metres (m).

The maximum distance from a wave's centre line to a peak or trough. The standard sine and cosine graphs have amplitude $1$.

The height of a sound signal relative to its reference level on a waveform graph. Larger variations in amplitude correspond to louder sounds.

The removal of a limb or another part of the body.

The duty to encourage what is good and right.

The Muslim duty to encourage others to do good and follow Allah’s guidance.

The Shi'a obligatory act of encouraging others to do what is right according to Islam.

The duty to encourage others to do what is good and right according to Islamic teaching.

Meaning ‘nectar of immortality’, the mixture of water and sugar prepared with scriptural recitation and a double-edged sword for Sikh initiation. It signifies spiritual renewal.

A Sikh who has received amrit through the initiation ceremony and belongs to the Khalsa.

A Sikh who has received amrit through Amrit Sanskar and belongs to the Khalsa.

The Sikh initiation ceremony in which a person receives amrit and joins the Khalsa, accepting its discipline.

The Sikh initiation ceremony through which a person joins the Khalsa, the community of initiated Sikhs.

The sacred pool surrounding the Golden Temple in Amritsar, where pilgrims may bathe while seeking spiritual cleansing.

The early morning period before dawn associated with Sikh prayer and meditation.

A carbohydrase that breaks down starch into maltose.

A carbohydrase enzyme that breaks down starch into sugars.

Arrian’s Greek account of Alexander’s expedition, written centuries after it and also known in English as The Campaigns of Alexander.

A substance that promotes muscle growth and can increase strength and speed up recovery.

A drug that promotes muscle growth and can increase strength and speed up recovery from training.

A feature belonging to a later period that is placed in an earlier setting, such as a later political practice attributed to Rome’s earliest kings.

An element that belongs to a different historical period from the one being depicted.

Describes a process that occurs without oxygen.

A condition in which oxygen is absent.

High-intensity physical activity in which energy is released without using oxygen, supporting short bursts of effort.

Decay that occurs without oxygen and can produce methane.