Key terms & definitions

A wall on Xidan street in Beijing where people displayed posters calling for greater democracy and criticising government policies from late 1978.

The Communist Party principle that members could debate before a decision, but had to obey the leadership’s decision once it was made.

Management in which employees are consulted and involved in decision making.

An approach to bringing up children that involves listening to their views and discussing decisions and rules, while parents retain responsibility for their welfare.

A political belief combining socialist aims, such as reducing inequality and exploitation, with democratic government and political freedom.

Principles or standards that reflect the ideals of a democratic society and guide how citizens and those in power should act.

The introduction of greater public participation and electoral choice into government. Gorbachev initially intended competition between candidates within the existing Communist system, not full multiparty democracy.

An audience characteristic such as age or gender used to identify and categorise audiences.

Changes in the characteristics of a population, such as its fertility rate, death rate and age structure.

Characteristics of a population, such as age and gender.

Statistics describing a population, such as its fertility, mortality and age structure.

A group within a population identified by characteristics such as age or income.

Changes in where people live, including movement between regions or countries.

Measurable characteristics of a population, such as age, gender and household composition.

Grouping audiences by characteristics such as age, gender, ethnicity, income and occupation.

Dividing a market using population characteristics, such as age, gender and income.

Dividing an audience into categories using measurable characteristics such as age, gender or occupational social grade.

A model showing how birth rates, death rates and population growth change as societies develop and industrialise.

A public gathering or march expressing support for, or opposition to, an issue.

The destruction of confidence, morale or the will to resist.

The Athenian citizen body, or, in some political arguments, the ordinary people contrasted with the wealthy elite.

A reduction in the desire or willingness to continue working towards a goal.

A Roman silver coin used here as a unit of monetary value; the plural is denarii.

A Roman silver coin; Mark Antony’s legionary denarii carry naval and legionary imagery.

A Roman coin. In Mark 14:5, the critics value the woman’s ointment at more than three hundred denarii.

A base-10 number system using the digits 0–9.

The permanent change in an enzyme's shape at high temperature, including a change to its active site.

A change in an enzyme's shape caused by excessive heat, so its active site can no longer catalyse the reaction effectively.

A change in an enzyme’s shape, including its active site, so that its substrate no longer fits and the enzyme cannot catalyse the reaction effectively.

A change in a protein’s structure. Denaturing an enzyme changes its shape so that it can no longer catalyse its reaction effectively.