Key terms & definitions

A character used to separate items of data. In a simple CSV file, the field delimiter is a comma.

Crime and deviance committed by young people, usually referring to relatively minor behaviour.

Antisocial or law-breaking behaviour, particularly by young people. Heaven measured participants’ own reports of interpersonal violence and vandalism/theft.

A group whose shared norms and values encourage offending or other rule-breaking, especially among young people.

How consistently a supplier delivers orders as agreed, including arriving on time.

An electron that is not confined to one bond and can move through part of a structure.

An electron that is not tied to one atom or bond and can move through a structure.

Electrons that are not tied to one atom or one bond and can move through a structure.

A depositional landform at a river mouth that develops where sediment accumulates faster than it is removed.

The muscle covering the shoulder that helps raise the arm.

A strongly held false belief that resists argument and is not explained by the person’s cultural background.

A political leader who gains or maintains influence by appealing to the people rather than exercising responsible leadership.

The quantity of a product that consumers want and are able to buy.

The level of desire or need for a product.

The quantity of a product customers are willing and able to buy at a particular price over a given period.

The quantities of a material or product that buyers are willing and able to purchase at different prices.

Cues in a research situation that lead participants to infer what is expected of them and may change their behaviour.

Cues that help participants guess a study’s aim and may lead them to change their behaviour.

A local Athenian community in which citizens were registered.

The splitting of a company into separate businesses or components.

Land kept by a lord for their own use, rather than granted to tenants.

The dismantling of a country’s armed forces and military institutions, and the removal or control of its capacity to wage war.

Kept free of military forces and fortifications.

A place from which military forces and installations have been removed.

An area in which armed forces and military defences are forbidden.

A buffer area from which opposing military forces are withdrawn. In Korea, the armistice required withdrawal by 2 km on each side of the military demarcation line.

The process of releasing soldiers and sailors from military service when they are no longer needed.

A system of government in which the people exercise political power. In Pericles’ account, Athenian democracy favours the majority rather than the few; this does not establish that every inhabitant possessed equal political rights.

A system of government in which the citizen body exercises political power, including debating and deciding public policy. In Athens, this did not mean participation by every resident.

A political system in which people can influence government through free, fair and competitive elections, supported by political rights and freedoms.