Key terms & definitions

Mass per unit volume. A denser material contains more mass in the same volume.

Mass per unit volume of a substance, measured in kilograms per cubic metre.

The mass per unit volume of a material: $\rho = m/V$. Its SI unit is kilograms per metre cubed, kg/m³.

Mass per unit of volume.

Mass per unit volume: a low-density material has less mass than a high-density material of the same volume.

Tooth decay caused when acids produced by bacteria in plaque damage tooth enamel.

Changes to tooth enamel caused by excessive fluoride intake while teeth are forming, usually appearing as faint white marks.

Publicly accusing someone of wrongdoing or political disloyalty.

A public accusation or condemnation of someone.

Blood containing less oxygen after supplying respiring body tissues.

Blood containing a relatively low concentration of oxygen; it is not completely without oxygen.

Blood with a relatively low oxygen content, such as blood returning from the body to the heart.

The UK government department responsible for policy in areas including culture, media and sport.

People in younger and older age groups who are generally more likely to rely on working-age people for support. Age groups are a guide, not a statement that every person is dependent.

A cluster of physical, behavioural and cognitive features in which substance use takes a much higher priority than activities that previously had greater value.

A pattern of relying on welfare benefits which, according to the New Right, can become accepted as a way of life and discourage paid work and personal responsibility.

The number of children and older people relative to the working-age population, usually expressed per 100 working-age people.

Frank’s explanation that unequal relationships with wealthy countries help keep poorer countries dependent and underdeveloped.

A person who relies on someone else for financial support or care. At Gateshead, Jane’s dependence is used to demand her obedience.

The Buddhist teaching that things and experiences arise in dependence on causes and supporting conditions, rather than existing independently. Also called dependent origination or paticcasamupada.

A child who relies on a parent or carer for support and care, rather than living independently.

A clause that depends on another clause to complete its meaning, such as ‘because the door opened’.

Events for which the occurrence of one changes the probability of a later event.

Events for which knowing whether one occurs changes the probability of the other occurring.

A family member who relies on other family members for support, typically a child under 16 or a young person still in full-time education.

The Buddhist teaching that things arise dependent on causes and conditions rather than existing independently. Its Pali name is paticca-samuppada.

The Buddhist teaching that things arise and change because of causes and conditions; nothing exists independently.

The feature measured or recorded to investigate its relationship with the independent variable.

The quantity measured to find out whether the independent variable had an effect.

The variable measured in response to the change in the independent variable.