OCR GCSE History B key terms

A person who committed to a religiously authorised expedition, represented by wearing a cross on their clothing.

The Aztec ruler who led the defence of Tenochtitlan in 1521 and was captured on 13 August.

Behaviour that rejects officially approved cultural expectations, such as Nazi rules about music, dress or youth activities, without necessarily seeking to overthrow the government.

The shared beliefs, customs, values and ways of living of a community.

People believed to use magic to help others, for example through healing, charms, finding lost property or countering harmful spells.

A defensive stone wall enclosing a castle courtyard.

A tax charged on goods traded or moved across a border.

Criminal activity involving computers or the internet, including online fraud, data theft and cyber extortion.

The idea that people can move into and out of poverty as their circumstances and the balance between household income and needs change.

The Nazi-controlled German Labour Front, which replaced independent trade unions in 1933 and controlled workers' pay and conditions.

A land-revenue assessment system introduced under Akbar in 1580, using ten-year averages of agricultural production and prices to calculate cash payments.

A payment raised in England to pay Viking forces. A final large payment was made to Cnut in 1018.

An area of northern and eastern England associated with Viking settlement and rule.

A killing centre established specifically for mass murder. Death camps differed from concentration camps, although Auschwitz combined both functions.

The region of India south of the northern plains, where Aurangzeb fought the Marathas and conquered Bijapur and Golkonda.

The process by which colonies gain independence from the country that rules them.

The removal of criminal penalties from an activity, sometimes only under specified conditions.

A state governed by a sultan from Delhi. Babur defeated its last ruler, Ibrahim Lodi, in 1526.

Reporting another person to the authorities for allegedly suspicious or illegal behaviour.

The forced removal and transport of people from one place to another; during the Holocaust, Jews were deported to ghettos, camps and killing centres.

Leaving an army without permission, abandoning military duties.

An Elizabethan label for poor people thought to need help through no fault of their own, including the elderly, sick and orphaned children.

Discouraging offending through the fear of punishment.

A system of government in which a ruler or ruling group holds power without effective democratic checks.

The Spanish governor of Cuba who attempted to remove Cortés from command of the expedition to Mexico.

The ‘Divine Faith’, introduced by Akbar in 1582 to bring together selected religious and ethical teachings from different traditions.

An area of the Church administered by a bishop.

A silver coin minted in the Islamic world and widely used in Viking trade.