Key terms & definitions

The peace agreement that ended the First Punic War in 241 BC and imposed losses and obligations on Carthage.

The 1585 agreement through which Elizabeth I committed military support to the Dutch rebels fighting Spanish rule.

The peace agreement of 1783 that ended the American War of Independence and recognised the independence of the United States.

The 1494 agreement between Spain and Portugal that divided their overseas claims using a north–south line through the Atlantic, with Spanish claims to the west and Portuguese claims to the east.

The 1919 peace settlement with Germany, which imposed territorial losses, reparations and restrictions on its armed forces.

The Egyptian–Israeli peace treaty signed on 26 March 1979, following negotiations based on the Camp David Accords.

A loss of tree canopy through clearing or tree death, which may be temporary or permanent and caused by people or natural events.

A branching representation showing the possible sequences of outcomes and their probabilities.

A branching diagram showing possible sequences of outcomes and, when labelled, their probabilities.

Food that is forbidden under Jewish dietary laws; also called treif.

Food that is not permitted under Jewish dietary law. The word originally means ‘torn’, but is used more broadly for non-kosher food.

An illness spread by body lice, causing a high temperature, headaches and muscle pains.

An injury to the feet caused by prolonged exposure to cold, wet conditions, which could lead to swelling, numbness and tissue damage.

Fighting in which armies defend and attack from networks of trenches dug into the ground.

A general direction of development over time, established by evidence from more than one moment.

The general pattern shown by data, such as an increase over time.

An overall direction or pattern in a set of results.

A general pattern showing how a property changes across a series of elements.

The overall direction of change in data over a period of time, rather than a single value or short-term fluctuation.

The overall direction of change in data, such as an increase, decrease or levelling off.

The overall direction in which time series values generally move over time.

The general direction of change in a measure over time.

The general direction of change in data over time: rising, falling or approximately level.

The overall direction or pattern of change in a set of data.

A developing pattern in what people prefer, buy or do, including preferences for particular product features or materials.

A general direction of change shown by data over time.

Predicting future demand for products and materials by studying current trends.

A line showing the general direction or pattern in plotted data.

A line on a time series graph representing the general direction of the data over time.

Making a hole in the skull, historically used to treat conditions such as severe headaches or epilepsy.