Key terms & definitions

Food that is forbidden under Jewish dietary laws, such as pork, shellfish or meat that has not been prepared correctly. Also written treif or treyf.

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone, which is produced by the hypothalamus and stimulates the pituitary gland to release TSH.

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone: a hormone produced by the hypothalamus that stimulates the pituitary gland to release TSH.

The sorting of casualties according to their condition and treatment needs, so that limited medical resources could be allocated.

One repetition of a probability experiment, such as one roll of a die.

One repetition of a probability experiment, such as tossing a coin once.

A numerical method that tests values in an equation and uses the results to choose better trials.

A legal process in which a group of members of the public considers the evidence and decides whether an accused person is guilty.

A test whose outcome was believed to reveal God's judgement of an accused person's guilt or innocence.

A group sworn to decide whether an accused person was guilty or innocent. Medieval criminal trial jurors were drawn from the locality and could use their own knowledge of people and events.

Launching a product in a limited number of stores or distribution channels for a limited time, using sales figures to help decide whether to proceed with a full launch.

A figure formed by three line segments joining three vertices.

A discrimination test in which a tester identifies the different sample from three samples, two of which are identical.

A graph showing the proportions of three components that together make up 100% of a whole.

A number of objects that can be arranged in a triangular pattern; the $n$th triangular number is $\frac{n(n+1)}{2}$.

A trading pattern linking Europe, Africa and the Americas. Hawkins carried goods to West Africa, transported enslaved Africans to the Caribbean and returned to England with valuable goods and money.

Strengthening a framework by forming triangles, which resist changes of shape.

Cross-checking findings from qualitative research against evidence from a quantitative method.

A group of chiefs and elders that discussed matters such as war and peace, reaching decisions through agreement.

An Indigenous community sharing an identity, customs and social or political relationships; its organisation could differ from that of other communities.

A body that hears evidence and makes a decision; wartime tribunals considered applications for exemption from compulsory service.

A specialist judicial body that decides particular types of dispute, such as employment or benefit appeals.

A person who helps decide cases in a specialist legal body, often contributing relevant experience alongside a legally qualified judge.

An official representing the plebeians and protecting them against abuses by magistrates.

An elected Roman official responsible for representing and protecting the interests of the common people.

A Roman official who could propose legislation and oppose measures through a veto.

An official chosen to defend plebeian interests against abuses of authority.

A Roman magistrate representing the plebeians who could propose legislation and block political action through a veto.

A smaller river or stream that joins a larger river.

A payment demanded by a ruler or authority, which could take the form of goods, money or labour.