Key terms & definitions

A system that carries substances between exchange surfaces and cells elsewhere in an organism.

The belief that, when consecrated by a priest during Mass, the bread and wine become Christ’s body and blood while retaining their outward appearance.

The Catholic belief that the bread and wine become the body and blood of Jesus Christ when they are consecrated during Mass.

A line that crosses two or more other lines at different points.

An imaginary line passing through the body from side to side, around which movement in the sagittal plane occurs.

An imaginary horizontal surface dividing the body into upper and lower portions; turning movements take place in this plane.

A thin slice cut across a structure, allowing its tissues to be viewed in cross-section.

A wave whose oscillations are at right angles to its direction of travel.

A wave whose oscillations are at right angles to the direction of energy transfer.

A quadrilateral with exactly one pair of parallel opposite sides.

An estimate of a curved region's area found by dividing it into strips and replacing each curved strip with a trapezium.

A muscle across the back of the neck and upper back that moves and stabilises the shoulder blades.

Lasting psychological distress following a deeply frightening or harmful experience.

Groups of actors who travelled around the country performing plays.

A serious offence against the monarch or state, including plotting to overthrow or kill the monarch.

Betrayal of one’s sovereign or country.

Lasting spiritual value with God, contrasted in Jesus’ teaching with earthly possessions.

The place where a state's or organisation's money and other financial resources are kept.

The government department responsible for economic policy and managing public finances.

Water that has been processed to remove harmful contaminants and make it suitable for its intended use, such as drinking.

An intervention intended to relieve or cure an illness or injury.

Depression that has not improved sufficiently despite antidepressant treatment. In Wiles’ trial, participants still had depression after taking and adhering to antidepressants for at least six weeks.

A formal agreement between countries.

An agreement between countries establishing rules or commitments, such as how shared water resources should be managed.

A formal agreement between groups, such as an agreement to maintain peace.

A legally binding agreement between states.

The settlement of November 1277 that left Llywelyn ap Gruffudd ruling only western Gwynedd, although he retained the title Prince of Wales.

The peace settlement of 1748 that ended King George’s War, returned Louisbourg to France and left North American territorial disputes unresolved.

The March 1918 peace agreement between Bolshevik Russia and Germany and its allies. It ended Russia’s participation in the First World War and imposed substantial territorial losses.

The 1670 agreement between Charles II and Louis XIV linking French financial support to English military cooperation, with secret provisions concerning Charles’s proposed conversion to Catholicism.