Key terms & definitions

Warfare connected with control of frontier regions or neighbouring territories.

An institution for young offenders which combined strict discipline with education, training and physical activity.

Boserup's argument that population pressure encourages innovation and more intensive farming, increasing food production.

A theory that pressure from population growth encourages agricultural innovation and more intensive farming, increasing food production.

A tool for analysing a business’s product portfolio by classifying products according to market share and market growth. It is also called the Boston Box.

An automated computer program that carries out tasks, such as submitting website requests.

A connection or piece of equipment whose limited capacity restricts the performance of the rest of a network.

An approach in which local people help identify needs, make decisions and manage solutions, rather than having decisions imposed entirely from above.

Development in which local communities lead decisions about projects intended to meet their needs.

An approach in which local residents and community organisations help identify priorities and make decisions about improvements.

An approach in which local communities help identify their needs and develop solutions, often supported by NGOs.

A poorly consolidated mixture of sediment deposited by ice, also called glacial till, which forms much of the Holderness coastline.

The Athenian council of 500 citizens, selected annually by lot, which prepared the assembly’s agenda and supervised administration.

The surface where one material ends and another begins.

A line or curve separating the points that satisfy an inequality from those that do not.

Test values at the limits of an allowed range and immediately outside those limits, used to check whether the boundaries are handled correctly.

A layer of relatively still air next to a leaf, in which water vapour can accumulate.

A line separating the points that satisfy an inequality from those that do not.

Data of the correct data type which is on the very edge of being valid.

The value separating solutions from non-solutions; it is found by replacing the inequality sign with an equals sign.

In Marx’s theory, the capitalist ruling class that owns and controls the means of production and employs workers.

A cup-shaped structure at the start of a nephron that collects liquid filtered from the glomerulus.

An organised group established by Henry Fielding in London in 1749 to pursue criminals, recover stolen property and gather evidence, later developed by John Fielding.

An assembly of panels forming a box-like structure, such as a cabinet body.

The income earned from cinema ticket sales.

The money generated by cinema ticket sales before deductions for costs and the shares taken by cinemas and distributors.

A diagram showing the minimum, lower quartile, median, upper quartile and maximum of a distribution on a numerical scale.

A diagram summarising a distribution using its median, lower and upper quartiles, and the values shown at the whisker ends.

A male child or adolescent performer; in Shakespeare’s theatre, boys and young men played female roles.

An organised refusal to buy goods or use services as a form of protest.