Key terms & definitions

The formation of a chemical bond between particles; this releases energy.

A durable writing and printing paper used for documents and stationery, made from chemical wood pulp, cotton fibres or a mixture of these.

The amount of mineral contained in a given volume of bone. Increased bone density makes bones stronger.

Soft tissue inside bones that contains stem cells which produce new blood cells.

Soft tissue inside bones; red bone marrow produces blood cells.

The size and build of a person's skeletal frame.

Strips of stiff material incorporated into a garment to support and maintain its shape.

An agreement reached in December 2001 establishing arrangements for an interim Afghan government and a transition towards a constitution and elections.

Traditional communal dancing associated with Obon, expressing joy and remembrance of those who have died.

An additional payment made to an employee, often for meeting a target or achieving specified results.

A group of First World War veterans who marched to Washington in 1932 to demand early payment of a promised military service bonus.

A concealed device designed to injure or kill someone who triggers it.

A person who accepts bets and pays winnings, including at horse races.

The official book of services and prayers introduced in English under Edward VI in 1549, composed mainly by Archbishop Thomas Cranmer.

An Anglican book containing orders of worship and set prayers, many of which quote or draw on the Bible.

A data type with only two possible values: True and False.

A statement made from inputs and logical operators that evaluates to either true (1) or false (0).

A variable holding True or False to track a condition and help control a program.

A system of logic in which each value is either TRUE or FALSE, commonly represented by 1 or 0.

An operator that combines or reverses Boolean values, such as AND, OR or NOT.

A value with only two possible states: true or false, commonly represented by 1 or 0.

An adult child who returns to live with their parents after previously leaving the parental home.

Charles Booth’s investigation of London’s poverty, employment and social conditions, recorded in notebooks, published volumes and poverty maps.

The process of starting a computer and loading its operating system.

The illegal production, transport or sale of alcohol.

The instructions used to start a computer.

Goods or wealth seized in war, which could be distributed or sold to raise funds.

Property and valuables taken from a defeated enemy during war.

A lower-status peasant with a small holding who owed services to the lord.

A raider from the English–Scottish borderlands who stole livestock and goods, often as part of a powerful family group.