Key terms & definitions

A description of the Church as a united community whose members have different roles, with Christ as its head.

The view that people deserve respect and confidence in their bodies rather than being judged against narrow appearance ideals.

A member of the Dutch-descended settler population of South Africa. The name means ‘farmer’ in Dutch and Afrikaans.

Southern African settlers of mainly Dutch ancestry, also including people of German and French descent. The Boer republics fought to preserve their independence from Britain.

The change of state from a liquid to a gas throughout the liquid, with bubbles forming.

The change from a liquid to a gas by boiling throughout the liquid.

The change of state from liquid to gas throughout a liquid at its boiling point.

Cooking food in a liquid at boiling point, with vigorous bubbling.

The temperature at which a liquid boils and changes to a gas throughout the liquid.

The temperature at which a substance changes between liquid and gas: boiling on heating and condensing on cooling.

The Hindi-language commercial film industry associated with Mumbai, whose traditions include popular stars, romance, music and dance.

The Russian communist party led by Vladimir Lenin which overthrew the Provisional Government in November 1917 and sought to end Russia’s involvement in the First World War.

A threaded fastener commonly passed through components and tightened with a nut to clamp them together.

The production of flowers as a plant attempts to reproduce before it dies, sometimes in response to conditions such as cold or lack of water.

Heavy, sustained firing by artillery against an area or enemy position.

A legally binding agreement. In The Merchant of Venice, Antonio’s bond makes a pound of his flesh the penalty for failing to repay the loan.

The separation of particles that were joined by a chemical bond; energy must be supplied for this to happen.

The separation of bonded atoms, which requires energy to be supplied.

A material made by gluing a main fabric to another layer to add stability or strength.

A non-woven sheet in which fibres are held together using heat, solvents or adhesives.

The energy required to break one mole of a specified type of chemical bond; it is usually given in kJ/mol.

The energy needed to break one mole of a particular type of chemical bond, usually expressed in kJ/mol. The same magnitude of energy is released when those bonds form.

The joining of atoms by a chemical bond, which releases energy.

Joining materials using an adhesive; textile bonding can join fabric layers or attach components without sewing.

The type of attraction that joins particles and the pattern in which those particles are organised.

A conducting connection used to reduce a difference in charge between objects; during aircraft refuelling it helps charge pass safely to Earth.

A pair of electrons shared between two atoms; it represents one covalent bond.

The distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms.

The distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms.

A line in a displayed formula representing a covalent bond between two atoms.