Key terms & definitions

A disc shape that curves inwards on both faces, giving a large surface area compared with its volume.

A disc shape with a depression on both sides, giving a large surface area relative to its volume.

A disc shape with a depression on both sides, giving a thin centre and a large surface-area-to-volume ratio.

The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle that prevents blood flowing back into the left atrium.

A memory aid for Brackets, Indices, Division and Multiplication, Addition and Subtraction. BODMAS uses Orders instead of Indices.

A stand or frame on which a coffin or dead body is placed before burial.

A portable, bed-like support used to carry a dead person's body.

The act of marrying someone while already legally married to another living person.

The offence of entering another legal marriage while already legally married.

Being married to more than one person at the same time, by marrying again while an existing marriage continues. It is a criminal offence in the UK.

The scientific explanation that the universe expanded from an extremely hot, dense early state and has continued to expand and cool.

The model that the universe developed from an extremely hot, dense early state and has expanded and cooled over time.

The model that the universe began in a very small, extremely hot and dense state and has expanded.

The scientific explanation that the universe expanded from an extremely hot, dense early state about 13.8 billion years ago.

A large handwritten public poster used to express political messages, demands or criticism.

The three leading Allied peacemakers in 1919: Woodrow Wilson of the USA, Georges Clemenceau of France and David Lloyd George of Britain.

Aid provided directly by one country to another.

A novel tracing its central character’s growth towards adulthood, particularly through learning, relationships and moral choices.

An alkaline liquid made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder; it neutralises stomach acid and emulsifies fats in the small intestine.

An alkaline fluid made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder that neutralises stomach acid and emulsifies fats.

A record of a charge for particular goods or services.

A proposed law introduced into Parliament for consideration.

A parliamentary committee that examines a proposed law in detail, including consideration of its wording and possible amendments.

Accommodation provided for soldiers in civilian buildings, including private houses.

Providing soldiers with accommodation in civilian premises.

Accommodation provided for soldiers, including lodging supplied by local people.

A parliamentary measure declaring a person guilty and imposing punishment without securing a conviction through the usual trial process.

A list of the materials and components needed for a product, recording quantities and costs.

A law passed in 1689 which restricted royal power and protected Parliament’s authority over matters including taxation, legislation and its own proceedings.

Weekly records listing numbers of burials and reported causes of death in London’s parishes.