Key terms & definitions

A line or smooth curve drawn to represent the overall pattern of experimental results rather than joining every point mechanically.

Selecting the marking level that most closely describes the overall quality of an answer, then choosing a mark within that level where a range is available.

A medicine that reduces the effects of adrenaline on the body and can lower heart rate, muscle tension and blood pressure.

A pigment found in foods such as carrots and dark-green leafy vegetables. It has antioxidant properties and can be converted into vitamin A by the body.

Cells in the pancreas that produce the hormone insulin.

A type of radioactive decay in which a neutron in an unstable nucleus changes into a proton and an electron is emitted.

Radioactive decay in which a neutron changes into a proton and an electron is emitted from the nucleus.

A fast-moving electron emitted from an unstable nucleus.

A fast-moving electron emitted from an unstable nucleus.

A high-speed electron emitted from a nucleus when a neutron changes into a proton, represented as $^0_{-1}\text{e}$ or $^0_{-1}\beta$.

A high-speed electron emitted from the nucleus during beta decay, represented by $^{0}_{-1}\mathrm{e}$.

A type of radioactive decay in which a proton in an unstable nucleus changes into a neutron and a positron is emitted.

Radioactive decay in which a proton changes into a neutron and a positron is emitted from the nucleus.

A fast-moving positron emitted from an unstable nucleus. A positron is the positively charged counterpart of an electron.

Radiation consisting of high-speed electrons emitted from unstable nuclei.

A Jewish religious court whose judges apply Jewish law to matters within its authority.

The breaking of trust or a commitment to another person or cause.

Breaking someone’s trust or loyalty. Judas betrayed Jesus by identifying him to those who came to arrest him.

A promise or agreement to marry; it is not the wedding ceremony itself.

Lathe work in which timber is held between a driving centre at the headstock and a supporting centre at the tailstock.

A soft paste of equal quantities of butter and flour, added to a liquid to thicken it during cooking.

A gear with teeth on a cone-shaped surface, used with another bevel gear to transmit rotary movement between intersecting shafts.

William Beveridge’s 1942 report proposing measures to tackle want, disease, ignorance, squalor and idleness in Britain.

The criminal standard of proof: the court must be sure of the defendant’s guilt before convicting.

A Buddhist discourse in which the Buddha explains to Bhaddali why disciplinary action should take account of a monk’s response to correction and capacity to benefit from it.

A Hindu sacred scripture in which Krishna teaches about spiritual life, duty and paths towards union with the divine.

The divine understood as a supreme, personal and loving God beyond the material world, with whom a devotee can develop a relationship.

A devotional hymn sung to express adoration of God.

Loving devotion to God, expressed through activities such as prayer, singing and service.

A spiritual path of loving devotion to a deity.