Key terms & definitions

A measure of the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two numerical variables, using their original values.

A person who lived mainly by farming. Peasants could be free or unfree; unfree peasants owed labour services and could not leave their lord without permission.

Partly decayed plant material that builds up slowly in waterlogged, low-oxygen conditions.

Partly decomposed plant material that builds up over very long periods under waterlogged conditions.

A waterlogged habitat in which partly decayed plant material accumulates as peat.

A waterlogged, acidic habitat in which partly decomposed plant material accumulates as peat.

A growing material that contains no peat, reducing the demand to extract peat from peatlands.

A substance found in fruit that helps jam and jelly form a gel and set.

Muscles at the front of the upper chest that help move the arms at the shoulders.

Money, property or other assets an owner allowed an enslaved person to manage. It legally belonged to the owner but could sometimes be used to purchase freedom.

An enslaved attendant who accompanied and supervised a child, including on journeys to school. Calling Fabius Hannibal’s pedagogue mocked him for following Hannibal rather than fighting him.

The number of people passing a particular point during a stated period of time.

Restricting motor vehicles in an area so that people can use its streets mainly on foot.

A family-tree diagram used to follow the inheritance of a characteristic through generations.

The triangular space beneath the sloping roof at either end of a Greek temple, often filled with sculpture.

The triangular area beneath a pitched roof at the end of a classical temple, often containing sculpture.

Removing the outer skin of a fruit or vegetable.

A scientist with suitable knowledge of the same field as the researcher whose work is being evaluated.

A computer in a peer-to-peer network that can both request resources from other computers and provide resources to them.

People of a similar age or social position, whose approval can influence an individual’s behaviour.

The titled nobility, including dukes, marquesses, earls, viscounts and barons, ranking above the landed gentry.

A group of people of similar age or social position, often sharing interests.

The effect of people of a similar age or social background on an individual's attitudes and behaviour.

Influence from people of a similar age or social position that encourages someone to behave in a particular way, often to gain acceptance or avoid rejection.

Influence from people of a similar age or social group to behave in a particular way.

Influence from people of a similar age or status to behave in ways accepted by their group.

Pressure from people of a similar age or social group to behave in a particular way.

Influence from people of a similar age or social group that encourages someone to behave in an accepted way.

The checking of research methods, results and conclusions by other scientists with relevant expertise before publication.

The independent assessment of scientific work by other experts in the same field before publication.