Key terms & definitions

A name an author uses when publishing instead of their own name.

A regular payment intended to support someone after their former employment or way of life has ended.

A pipe carrying water downhill under pressure to a hydroelectric turbine.

A limb with the basic five-digit pattern inherited by many four-limbed vertebrates, even where the digits have since been modified.

Secret US government reports about American involvement in Vietnam, leaked to newspapers and published in 1971.

The event described in Acts 2 in which the disciples receive the Holy Spirit, empowering their mission.

A movement that emerged in the United States in the early twentieth century, emphasising baptism in the Holy Spirit and spiritual gifts such as prophecy, healing and speaking in tongues.

A subdivision of a Spartan army company, commanded by a penteconter.

An Amazon warrior who supported the Trojans towards the end of the Trojan War and was killed by Achilles.

The community called by God to belong to him, love others and carry out his mission.

A Qur’anic term referring to Jews and Christians, who are recognised as having received revelations from God.

The average number of people in a population for each doctor.

Lloyd George’s 1909 budget, which increased taxation to help finance the Liberal government’s reforms and rising defence expenditure.

A large rural organisation introduced in China from 1958 that combined collective farming with the organisation of work and services such as communal dining and childcare.

A Nazi court established in 1934 to try cases of treason, with members appointed by Hitler and no right of appeal against its decisions.

The early crusading movement of 1096, led principally by Peter the Hermit and including Walter Sans Avoir’s followers. It departed before the main armies and was largely destroyed by the Seljuk Turks.

China’s armed forces, which gained political influence during the Cultural Revolution.

The communist state proclaimed by Mao Tse-tung in October 1949 after victory in the Chinese Civil War.

Recruiting, moving or harbouring people for exploitation through means such as coercion, deception or abuse of vulnerability. For children, these means need not be present. Crossing an international border is not necessary.

A garment offered to Athena Polias during the Panathenaic festival.

A draped ancient Greek garment worn by women. A specially woven peplos was presented to Athena as an offering at the Panathenaic festival.

The distribution of affordable housing throughout a development rather than concentrating it in a separate area.

The chemical bond that joins one amino acid to another in a polypeptide.

A chemical messenger made from amino acids that affects processes in the body; examples include EPO.

The –CO–NH– connection between neighbouring amino-acid residues in a polypeptide chain.

A Latin expression meaning “for each year”; it indicates an annual rate.

A rate for each year; the phrase means “per year”.

An amount expressed for each person, usually calculated by dividing a total by the population.

How likely a person believes harm to be; this may differ from a statistical estimate.

A person's judgement about the size or importance of a risk, which may differ from the statistical estimate.