Key terms & definitions

Food that meets Jewish dietary laws, including rules about permitted foods, meat preparation and separating meat from dairy.

A Japanese funeral practice in which relatives use chopsticks to collect bones remaining after cremation and place them in an urn.

The German Communist Party, which sought to replace capitalism with a communist system through revolution.

A large vessel used for mixing wine and water.

The tearing of clothing as an outward expression of grief following a death.

The Nazi-organised violence against Jews in November 1938, during which synagogues and businesses were attacked and about 30,000 Jewish men were sent to concentration camps.

Destructive anger that can lead to cruelty, hatred or violence.

An uprising against Bolshevik rule by sailors at the Kronstadt naval base near Petrograd in March 1921.

Kru migrants from Liberia who found seafaring work through Freetown in Sierra Leone; some subsequently settled in Liverpool.

The Hindu virtue of forgiveness and forbearance, including patience towards others’ faults.

A member of the traditional Hindu warrior and ruler class, whose responsibilities include protection and the defence of righteousness.

A racist organisation which promoted white Protestant supremacy and used intimidation and violence against African Americans and other targeted groups.

A white supremacist organisation that used intimidation and violence against Black Americans and supporters of civil rights.

A relatively prosperous peasant. Under Stalin, the label was also applied to many ordinary peasants who resisted collectivisation.

A major Hindu pilgrimage gathering associated especially with bathing in sacred waters; at Prayag, the full festival is held every twelve years.

A Luvale coming-of-age initiation, also called mukanda, in which boys spend time apart from their community before returning with adult status.

An ethnic group whose population lives across several Middle Eastern states, including Iraq, Turkey and Iran. Kurdish movements sought self-government or an independent state.

The holy books revealed by Allah to guide humanity.

South African urban music that combines local sounds with influences associated with international Black urban music.

A shallow ancient Greek drinking cup, usually with two handles, used for wine.

The female mistress of an ancient Greek household, responsible for organising its domestic work and supervising its servants.

A male guardian who represented a woman’s interests in legal and family matters in ancient Athens, such as her father or another male relative.

A male legal guardian who represented a woman in important legal and financial matters in ancient Athens.

Text that identifies a variable, category or unit on a chart or graph.

A drawing that identifies the important parts of an apparatus set-up with clear labels.

A clear, accurate record of an observed specimen, drawn using scientific conventions and with relevant structures labelled.

The process of defining a person or their behaviour in a particular way, such as identifying someone as a ‘criminal’.

The process of attaching a social label, such as 'criminal', to a person or group, potentially affecting how others treat them.

An experiment conducted in a controlled setting where the researcher can keep other relevant conditions constant.

A research method in which the researcher manipulates an independent variable and measures a dependent variable in a controlled, artificial setting.