Key terms & definitions

An approach favouring limited government interference. In welfare policy, it placed greater responsibility on individuals and charities rather than the state.

Members of a religious community who are not ordained clergy.

The non-ordained members of the Church.

The western division of the wider Sioux nation, whose nineteenth-century culture centred on horse riding, bison hunting and life on the Great Plains.

Three characteristics of existence taught by the Buddha: dukkha, anicca and anatta.

The goddess of wealth, prosperity and beauty, and the consort of Vishnu.

A Tibetan Buddhist teacher and reformer (1357–1419), honoured as the founder of the Gelug school, who emphasised ethics, monastic discipline, study and meditation.

A Tibetan observance commemorating the final passing of Tsong Khapa, founder of the Gelug school, marked particularly by offerings of lights.

An expression of grief, sorrow or regret.

An intense expression of grief, which could include wailing and physical gestures of mourning.

A material made by bonding layers together, often to combine useful properties of different materials.

Bonding thin layers of material together with adhesive, sometimes while holding them around a shaped former.

Bonding layers of material together to form a material with improved properties.

A component that produces light when current flows through it.

An output device that converts electrical energy into light, for illumination or visual indication.

A Local Area Network: a network covering a relatively small geographical area, such as a home, school or office, usually owned and managed by one person or organisation.

The small Spanish settlement founded on the northern coast of Hispaniola in 1492 after the wreck of the Santa María; Columbus left 39 men there.

A territory with its own regional government within the German federal state; the plural is Länder.

The natural resources and physical sites used in production, including land, water and raw materials.

Whether suitable land or space is available for a particular activity.

The removal of water from marshland to create land suitable for farming or other uses.

A social class of country landowners below the peerage, whose income came largely from their estates rather than working in trade.

The first arrival on land after a sea journey.

The movement of a tropical cyclone's centre from the sea onto land.

A site where waste is deposited and usually buried.

A waste-disposal site where rubbish is buried or stored.

A site where waste is disposed of by burying it in the ground.

A site where waste is deposited on or buried in the ground.

A waste-disposal site where rubbish is deposited and buried.

A natural physical feature of the Earth's surface, such as a waterfall, bay or beach.