Key terms & definitions

A tax charged on people's earnings and other taxable income.

Tax paid on taxable income, such as earnings.

A tax paid by individuals on taxable income above a tax-free allowance, including earnings and some other income.

Combustion in a limited supply of oxygen, which can produce carbon monoxide, solid carbon and unburned fuel as well as water.

Burning with an insufficient oxygen supply, which can produce carbon monoxide, solid carbon and unburned fuel.

Withholding some information about a study. This is not necessarily deception, but becomes deceptive when it intentionally misleads participants about an important aspect of the research.

A reaction that has not proceeded to the theoretical extent expected from the limiting reactant, so less desired product forms.

A returned response that contains some answers but leaves other required information missing.

Something that does not fit its context or is incompatible with ordinary expectations.

Three claims argued to be incompatible: God is all-powerful, God is all-loving, and evil exists.

Registered as a company with a legal identity separate from its owners.

Data recorded in a form that does not match the required form, such as using inconsistent units or placing a decimal point incorrectly.

An increase in the mass of crop harvested from an area of land.

A function whose y-value rises as x increases over an interval. A positive derivative, $\frac{dy}{dx}>0$, indicates increasing behaviour.

Unable or unwilling to believe something. Lanyon remains incredulous even after witnessing Hyde's transformation into Jekyll.

A backup that copies data changed since the previous backup, rather than copying all the data each time.

Keeping a culture under suitable conditions, including an appropriate temperature, so that microorganisms can grow.

The time between infection by a pathogen and the appearance of symptoms.

The time between becoming infected and developing symptoms.

Repetition controlled by a Boolean condition rather than a specified number of repetitions.

A payment imposed on a defeated state as part of a peace settlement.

Spaces at the beginning of a line that show its level within a code block. In Python, indentation determines which statements belong to a block.

A legal agreement setting out the obligations of an apprentice and master. Pip’s indentures bind him to Joe until his expectations bring the apprenticeship to an early end.

A worker bound by a contract to work for an employer for an agreed period, with restrictions on their freedom to leave.

A migrant bound by a contract to work for a fixed period in exchange for benefits such as passage, food and accommodation.

The ability to make decisions and direct one’s own life. In Jane Eyre, independence includes freedom of thought, moral choice and financial security.

The freedom an owner has to work for themselves and make their own business decisions.

The status of a country governing itself as a separate sovereign state, rather than remaining part of another state.

The freedom an entrepreneur has to make decisions about their business and its direction.

A candidate who stands without representing a political party.