Key terms & definitions

Cinema associated with production outside the major studio system and/or artistic alternatives to mainstream filmmaking. Rona Murray argues that funding alone is not enough to explain its identity.

A group of words containing a subject and a verb that can stand alone as a complete sentence.

A media business that is not owned or controlled by a larger parent organisation.

Events for which knowing that one has occurred does not change the probability of the other.

Events for which knowing that one has occurred does not change the probability of the other.

Events for which knowing whether one occurs does not change the probability of the other occurring.

A film made outside the control of the major film studios, often through smaller production companies and partnerships.

A film produced outside the conventional major-studio production system; independence can affect financing, creative freedom and filmmaking choices.

An experimental design in which different participants take part in each condition.

An experimental design in which different participants complete each condition.

An experimental design in which different participants take part in each condition, with each participant completing only one condition.

A child's freedom to travel or move around outside without adult supervision.

Filmmaking organised outside a major studio’s own production operation. A studio may still distribute the resulting film.

A record company that is not owned by one of the major music companies. An independent label can still operate commercially and release highly successful music.

A loose political and religious grouping which opposed compulsory state-regulated worship and supported religious freedom for non-Catholics. It had influential allies among senior Army officers.

A fee-paying school outside the state-funded school sector, also called a private school. British public schools are independent schools.

Media organisations operating outside the ownership or control of a larger parent organisation. Independence does not necessarily mean being not-for-profit.

Trials in which the outcome of one does not change the probabilities of the outcomes of another.

Trials for which knowing the outcome of one does not change the probabilities of outcomes on another.

The factor that is changed or varies naturally between the places, groups or times being compared.

The factor deliberately changed in an investigation.

The variable deliberately changed during an investigation.

The variable deliberately changed during an investigation.

The factor deliberately changed or compared in an investigation.

The factor deliberately changed in an investigation, usually shown in the first table column and on the horizontal axis of a graph.

The variable that is changed by the researcher in a laboratory or field experiment, or occurs naturally in a natural experiment.

Checking that a person or message is genuine using contact details obtained separately from the suspicious communication.

The power in an expression such as $10^n$; it shows how many places the digits change in place value.

The small raised number in a power; it tells you how many copies of the base are multiplied together. In $x^5$, the index is $5$.

A number identifying an element’s position in a data structure such as an array.