Key terms & definitions

The Spanish institution established in 1503 to regulate colonial trade and voyages and collect colonial taxes.

The royal family to which Henry VIII and his children Edward VI, Mary I and Elizabeth I belonged.

A publication’s recognisable design identity, including recurring colours, fonts and layout.

Whether housing costs are manageable in relation to people's incomes.

The median house price divided by median annual earnings. A higher value indicates that homes are less affordable relative to earnings.

Whether enough suitable homes are available for people who need them.

A connection in which the end of one timber component fits into a trench cut across another.

The way a household occupies its home, for example through owner occupation, private renting or social renting.

Human papillomavirus: a group of viruses, some high-risk types of which can cause cervical cancer if infection persists.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol: a protocol used to exchange web pages and other web resources between clients and servers.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure: an encrypted version of HTTP used for more secure communication between clients and web servers.

The House Un-American Activities Committee, established in 1938 to investigate activities regarded as threatening to the United States.

Excessive pride or confidence, especially in a person’s own power or importance.

Overbearing pride or insolence expressed in behaviour that disregards proper limits, especially the difference between mortals and gods. It is more than ordinary confidence.

A London-based fur-trading company granted a royal charter by Charles II in 1670, claiming exclusive trading rights across the land drained by rivers flowing into Hudson Bay.

An alarm raised to summon the local community to pursue a suspected offender.

The title of the Aztec emperor, meaning ‘Great Speaker’. The emperor stood above the other rulers and nobles in the political hierarchy.

A lossless compression method that assigns variable-length binary codes to data elements, using shorter codes for more frequently occurring elements.

A binary tree whose labelled branches give the binary code for each character, allowing Huffman-compressed data to be encoded and decoded.

A French Protestant, belonging to a religious minority persecuted in France.

French Protestants, who fought against Catholic opponents in the French Wars of Religion.

The Aztec god associated with the sun and war, and the patron god of the capital, Tenochtitlan.

God’s will or divine order, according to which a gurmukh seeks to live.

A passage read from the Guru Granth Sahib and received as the Guru’s command or guidance.

An old ship used as a floating prison, including for convicts awaiting transportation.

The main body of a ship, which encloses its interior and keeps it afloat.

Pope Paul VI’s 1968 teaching document reaffirming Catholic opposition to artificial contraception and teaching responsible parenthood.

The capacity of people to make choices and take actions that affect events, even when circumstances constrain them.

A person's abilities and limitations when carrying out a task, including physical strength, movement, senses, understanding, knowledge and experience.

An approach to design that starts with understanding real users' needs, experiences and circumstances.