History key terms

Required by law rather than left entirely to individual choice.

A legal order enabling a public authority to acquire property without the owner's agreement, with compensation.

A US government policy of allocating particular territories to Plains tribes, aiming to separate them from settlers and reduce conflict between tribes.

A camp in which people were imprisoned, often without trial, under brutal conditions. The Nazis used these camps to terrorise opponents and persecute targeted groups.

A castle arrangement with an inner defensive wall surrounded by an outer defensive wall, creating successive barriers against attackers.

A policy of reducing hostility through moderation and a willingness to accept submission.

Proposals developed by a cross-party group of MPs in 1910–1912 to grant parliamentary votes to a limited group of women meeting property qualifications.

An agreement between the Vatican and a government. The 1933 agreement with Nazi Germany promised protection for Catholic religious affairs in return for the Church staying out of politics.

A system in which a man maintains another woman as a partner alongside his wife, without giving that woman the same status as his wife.

A channel or pipe carrying water; public conduits supplied water at communal collection points.

The Confederate States of America, formed by seceding southern states in February 1861 and led by Jefferson Davis.

A Protestant movement established in 1934 to oppose Nazi interference in the Church.

The seizure of property by an authority, without the owner's consent.

The struggles over legal protection, economic grievances and political power between Rome’s patricians and plebeians.

Behaving as expected by those in authority, whether or not someone privately agrees with them.

A Chinese ethical and philosophical tradition based on the teachings of Confucius, emphasising proper conduct, family duties, hierarchy and social harmony.

The United States legislature, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate.

Taking control of a territory or people by military force.

A Spanish conqueror who took part in the military conquest of territories in the Americas.

A person who refuses military service or participation in war because of sincerely held religious, moral or political beliefs.

Compulsory service in the armed forces.

Land dedicated by the Church for religious use, including burial.

The principle that a government’s legitimate authority comes from the agreement of the people it governs.

Work to protect historic buildings or remains from deterioration while preserving their historical character.

An area protected for its special architectural or historic interest, helping to preserve its character.

Strengthening control over territory already gained, rather than necessarily conquering new territory.

The process of strengthening a government's hold on power and reducing challenges to its authority.

A secret agreement between people to carry out an unlawful act. An accusation of conspiracy does not prove that such an agreement existed.

A local official who helped enforce the law and assisted magistrates.

The capital of the Byzantine Empire, situated where the Bosphorus links the Black Sea with the Mediterranean world.