Key terms & definitions

A method of estimating a mobile animal population by marking a first catch and checking how many marked animals appear in a later catch.

A method of estimating the number of mobile organisms by marking a first sample and checking how many marked individuals appear in a second sample.

A method of estimating an animal population by marking and releasing a first sample, then recording the proportion of marked animals in a second sample.

A method of estimating population size by marking one sample, releasing it and counting the marked individuals found in a later sample.

A method of estimating population size by marking and releasing a first sample, then counting marked individuals in a second sample.

The breakdown and chemical change of sugars when heated sufficiently, producing brown colour and characteristic caramel flavours.

A measure of the proportion of gold in a gold alloy, where 24 carat is pure gold.

A European sailing vessel used in exploration, relatively light and manoeuvrable, which could carry triangular sails.

A digestive enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates into simpler sugars.

An enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates into simple sugars.

An organic molecule containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Carbohydrates include simple sugars and larger molecules such as starch.

A nutrient that is the main and preferred energy source for all types of exercise, at all intensities.

A nutrient group that includes sugars, starch and dietary fibre. Digestible carbohydrates supply energy; fibre supports digestive health.

A strategy in which an endurance athlete increases carbohydrate intake and reduces training before an event to increase glycogen stores.

A chemical used by Joseph Lister to kill germs in surgical treatment, including in dressings and sprays.

A carbon-containing compound formed from dissolved carbon dioxide; some carbonates become part of sediments and rocks.

A compound containing carbonate ions, $CO_3^{2-}$; some carbonates are insoluble and can form sediments.

An ion with the formula $\mathrm{CO_3^{2-}}$, found in carbonate compounds.

A rock containing calcium carbonate; limestone and marble are important examples.

Solid material containing carbonate ions that settles and can eventually become part of sedimentary rock, storing carbon for a long time.

Chemical weathering in which slightly acidic rainwater dissolves calcium carbonate in rocks such as chalk and limestone.

A stationary conducting contact that touches the rotating commutator, allowing current to flow between the external circuit and the coil.

A limit on the total greenhouse gas emissions allowed over a specified period.

The removal of carbon dioxide from emissions or the atmosphere, followed by storage so that it does not enter or remain in the air.

Technology that captures carbon dioxide from sources such as industrial facilities, compresses it and stores it underground rather than releasing it into the atmosphere.

The trapping of carbon dioxide from power generation or industry followed by its long-term storage, usually underground.

Collecting carbon dioxide released by power generation or industry and storing it to prevent its release into the atmosphere.

Capturing carbon dioxide from an industrial source before it enters the atmosphere, then transporting and storing it underground.

A carbon–carbon bond containing two shared pairs of electrons, written C=C; it is the functional group of an alkene.

A sequence of carbon atoms joined together by covalent bonds.