Key terms & definitions

Learning from observing the consequences of another person’s behaviour.

Seeing someone else punished for behaviour, making the observer less likely to imitate it.

Learning from observing someone else being rewarded for a behaviour, making imitation more likely.

A conventional tempter in medieval morality plays who represents evil and often shares plans with the audience, drawing them into complicity.

A court dealing with maritime matters, including trade offences, which operated without a jury.

The deputy to the Chancellor, the head of the German government.

A person entrusted with responsibility on behalf of another; in Islam, humans have responsibility to care for God's creation.

A representative who governs a territory on behalf of a monarch.

The French government led by Philippe Pétain, based in Vichy, which cooperated with Nazi Germany after France’s defeat in 1940.

Someone who suffers harm or exploitation. Estella is a victim of her damaging upbringing, while also being someone who hurts others.

A person who suffers harm or loss because of a crime or other wrongdoing.

A person who suffers harm or loss directly caused by a criminal offence. Under the Victims’ Code, certain bereaved relatives also qualify.

A person harmed by armed conflict, including through injury, bereavement, displacement or the loss of essential services.

A statement explaining how a crime has affected the victim, which the court considers when sentencing the offender.

Research that asks people about crimes they have experienced as victims, including incidents not reported to the police.

A survey asking people about crimes they have experienced during a specified period and potentially whether they reported them to the police.

A survey asking people about crimes they have experienced, including incidents they did not report to the police.

Disembodied liberation attained after death.

A live meeting in which people in different locations communicate using video and sound over a digital connection.

An online meeting in which participants in different locations can see and hear one another.

True spiritual knowledge or insight into the nature of the self and ultimate reality.

Communist guerrillas operating in South Vietnam, supported by North Vietnam and fighting against the South Vietnamese government and US forces.

A communist guerrilla movement fighting against the South Vietnamese government and its American allies.

The communist-led guerrilla fighters operating in South Vietnam against its government, US forces and their allies.

The Vietnamese independence movement led by Ho Chi Minh which fought Japanese occupation and then French attempts to restore colonial rule.

The Vietnamese independence movement led by Ho Chi Minh, which fought to end French colonial rule.

Nixon’s policy of withdrawing US troops while strengthening South Vietnam’s armed forces so that they could take over the fighting.

The central opinion or judgement that a writer develops and maintains throughout a piece of writing.

A person's position or opinion on an issue, including the reasons they give for it.

A service of watchful prayer, sometimes held during the night before a major religious festival.