Key terms & definitions

Deposits containing sand, clay, water and bitumen, a thick, heavy form of oil that needs processing before it can be used.

A ritual of symbolically casting off sins beside water, often performed at Rosh Hashanah.

A plantation labour system in which enslaved people received individual daily assignments. Completing these could leave some time for their own subsistence activities, without ending their enslavement.

A structure containing sensory cells whose receptors respond to taste substances and trigger messages to the brain.

A group of people who assess food samples under organised testing conditions.

A structure on a taste cell that detects chemicals dissolved in saliva, stimulating signals that allow the brain to recognise taste.

A group of people who assess food samples using agreed instructions and a recording method.

Buddha-nature: a teaching especially associated with Mahayana Buddhism that beings have the potential for Buddhahood, obscured by ignorance and other obstacles.

Repentance: recognising wrongdoing, sincerely regretting it and choosing to turn away from it.

A Mycenaean human figurine type with folded arms arranged at right angles to the upright body, giving an outline resembling the Greek letter Τ.

Circling the Ka’aba seven times anticlockwise as an act of worship of Allah.

The central tawaf performed during Hajj after the gathering at Arafat, distinct from the farewell tawaf.

Trust in Allah, involving acceptance of his will and dependence on him.

The duty to love the friends of Allah, particularly the Prophet Muhammad, his family and righteous people.

The Shi'a obligatory act of showing love and allegiance towards the friends of Allah, especially Muhammad, his family and the Imams.

Love and loyalty towards the Prophet Muhammad and his family.

The Islamic belief in the absolute Oneness of God: Allah is one, indivisible and without partners or equals.

The revelation given by Allah to Musa, associated with the Torah and containing laws and instructions.

A compulsory payment imposed by government on individuals or businesses to raise revenue and sometimes influence behaviour.

Money collected by a ruler or government from people or economic activities.

Compulsory payments that governments require from individuals and businesses.

Money that individuals and businesses are required to pay to government to fund public services and other state responsibilities.

A person employed to collect taxes. In Jesus’ setting, collectors of Roman taxes were widely distrusted because of their association with Roman rule and their reputation for overcharging.

A tax paid in goods rather than money; under the early NEP, peasants supplied grain to the state before selling their remaining surplus.

One of the ordered groups used in classification, such as kingdom, family or species.

The biological science of identifying, naming and classifying organisms.

The branch of biology concerned with classifying and naming organisms.

Pure and wholesome; a description used in Islamic teaching about food.

Transmission Control Protocol: a protocol that provides reliable, ordered delivery of data, checking receipt and arranging retransmission when necessary.

Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol: protocols that work together to provide reliable data transfer, addressing and routing between devices.