Key terms & definitions

Boredom caused by repetitive training, which can be reduced by including suitable variety.

A film genre centred on young people’s experiences, commonly exploring identity, friendship, belonging and relationships with authority.

An imaginary line from the River Tees to the River Exe used to describe the broad division between Britain’s north-western uplands and south-eastern lowlands.

Small leather boxes containing passages from the Torah, worn on the arm and head during weekday morning prayer, traditionally by Jewish men.

The 1943 wartime meeting between Stalin and Western leaders Roosevelt and Churchill. The final gathering of pigs and farmers echoes this apparent cooperation between the Soviet Union and the West.

Another name for the Design argument, which focuses on apparent purpose in nature.

The claimed ability to know another person’s thoughts directly, without ordinary communication.

Selling products or services over the telephone.

An instrument that collects electromagnetic radiation from a distant object so it can be detected or imaged.

A payment required for watching or recording live television and using BBC iPlayer; it is the main source of funding for the BBC’s UK public services, including radio.

Working away from the usual workplace, often at home, using digital technology to communicate and complete work.

A movement encouraging restraint in, or abstinence from, drinking alcohol; its supporters helped campaign for prohibition.

Moderation: avoiding excess and not allowing appetites or pleasures to control one's life.

A movement encouraging people to reduce or give up drinking alcohol.

A climate with generally moderate temperatures and seasonal changes, rather than consistently tropical heat or extreme cold.

A climate influenced by the sea, with generally mild temperatures, rainfall throughout the year and seasonal changes.

A measure related to the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance.

A measure related to the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance.

The difference between a recorded temperature and a specified reference average.

The difference between a measured temperature and the average temperature for a stated reference period.

The difference between the final and initial temperatures, measured in °C in these investigations.

The difference between the final and initial temperatures: $\Delta \theta=\theta_{\text{final}}-\theta_{\text{initial}}$.

The final temperature minus the initial temperature, written $\Delta\theta$ and measured in degrees Celsius.

Keeping food at suitable temperatures during storage, preparation and cooking to limit bacterial growth or destroy harmful bacteria.

The temperature range of 5–63°C in which harmful bacteria can grow and multiply in food.

A gradual change in temperature with position, such as the decrease in temperature up a fractionating column.

A food thermometer with a probe inserted into food to measure its internal temperature.

A polymer designed to change a property in response to temperature; a shape-memory polymer can recover a programmed shape when heated.

The temperature increase, calculated as final temperature minus initial temperature.

The difference between the final and initial temperatures, calculated using $\Delta T=T_{\text{final}}-T_{\text{initial}}$.