Key terms & definitions

The movement of people and activities from central urban areas towards the suburbs, contributing to outward urban growth.

The overturning or challenging of an established idea, value or expectation.

To challenge or overturn an established expectation, convention or stereotype.

To undermine or overturn an established expectation, such as a stereotype about how a character should behave.

The outcome being counted in each trial. It need not be a desirable result; every other outcome is classified as failure.

A standard used to judge whether an action has achieved its aims.

A collision between reacting particles that has enough energy for a reaction to occur.

A collision between reacting particles that results in a chemical reaction.

The order in which people are entitled to inherit the throne.

The gradual change in a community of organisms as species establish and alter environmental conditions, allowing other species to grow.

The passing of a throne or political position from one holder to the next.

A dispute over who should become ruler after the previous ruler dies.

Alexander’s generals and other rulers who competed for control of his empire after his death in 323 BC.

The border region of Czechoslovakia containing a large German-speaking population, ceded to Germany under the Munich Agreement in 1938.

A strategically important waterway in Egypt linking the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, providing a shorter shipping route between Europe and Asia.

The 1956 confrontation following Egypt's takeover of the Suez Canal, in which British, French and Israeli military action faced international condemnation and American financial pressure forced Britain to halt its invasion.

Suffering or patient endurance. Shylock uses the word to describe the mistreatment endured by Jewish people.

Physical pain or mental and emotional distress.

Suffering associated with pleasant experiences changing or ending, particularly when someone clings to them.

The underlying unsatisfactoriness of experiences that are formed through conditions and cannot provide a completely secure, lasting basis for happiness.

Obvious physical or mental suffering, such as illness, injury, grief or distress.

The figure in Isaiah 53 whose suffering and silence Christians connect with Jesus’ suffering and refusal to defend himself.

A word ending added to the main part of a word; in chemical names, endings such as -ide and -ate provide information about composition.

Letters added to the end of a word to form another word, such as ‘-ful’ in ‘hopeful’.

Notation in which a lower index labels a value's position in a sequence; for example, $x_0$ is the starting value and $x_1$ is the next value.

The right to vote in elections.

The right to vote in political elections.

A campaigner for women’s voting rights associated with militant methods, particularly the WSPU.

Campaigners for women’s voting rights associated particularly with the militant methods of the Women’s Social and Political Union.

A campaigner for women’s voting rights associated with peaceful, lawful methods, particularly the NUWSS.