Key terms & definitions

A bright, noticeably reflective surface appearance.

A tax traditionally raised from coastal areas for naval defence, which Charles I extended inland during peacetime without parliamentary approval.

A large warship carrying many heavy guns, built to fight in the main battle line during naval battles.

A county-sized administrative district used for government, taxation and justice in Anglo-Saxon England.

The king's representative in a shire, responsible for duties including collecting taxes, rents and court fines; also called a sheriff.

Associating partners with Allah, for example by worshipping another being alongside Allah.

Parallel rows of elastic stitching that draw fabric together while allowing it to stretch.

The traditional seven-day period of intensive mourning following a Jewish burial.

Rapid, involuntary contractions of skeletal muscles that help warm the body.

The Holocaust: the Nazi genocide of Jews. The Hebrew word means catastrophe.

A person trained and qualified to carry out shechitah.

A dangerous failure of circulation in which too little blood reaches the body's tissues; severe blood loss can cause it.

A team of workers encouraged to achieve particularly high output and exceed production targets.

A ram's horn sounded during Jewish worship, notably as a call to repentance at Rosh Hashanah.

A long-term plan coordinating decisions about coastal erosion and flood risk across a stretch of coastline.

A compact bone, such as a carpal in the wrist, that enables finer controlled movement.

An unintended, very-low-resistance path through which a large current can flow.

The effect of fat coating flour particles and limiting gluten-network development, producing a tender, crumbly baked texture.

Choosing the applicants who best meet the job requirements to proceed to interviews or other assessments.

A focusing defect in which distant objects appear blurred because their light is focused in front of the retina.

A focusing defect in which distant objects appear blurred because light is brought to a focus in front of the retina.

Cotton with relatively short fibres and sticky seeds. It could grow across much of the southern United States, but removing its seeds by hand was slow.

An amount owed by a business that must be paid soon, such as a supplier’s invoice becoming due.

An immediate response to physical activity, occurring during or shortly after exercise rather than developing through weeks of training.

A response of the body experienced within 36 hours after exercise.

Memory that briefly holds information about the current situation or events that have just happened.

A limited-capacity memory store that temporarily holds information currently being used.

Immediate help after a disaster, including rescue, medical treatment, shelter, food and clean water.

One continuous image recording, presented without an intervening edit.

Editing that alternates between opposing views, such as a character looking and the object they look at, or two characters facing one another.