Key terms & definitions

A supporter of King Charles I during the English Civil War.

Supporters of Charles I, although support for the king did not necessarily mean approval of all his policies.

A young attendant at the Macedonian royal court. Pages served the king and could have access to his person.

A royal grant giving its holder specified rights, such as permission to claim land and establish settlements overseas.

Power exercised by a monarch, including the ability to command obedience and control powerful subjects.

A royal power that the monarch could exercise without obtaining Parliament’s approval.

An order issued by the monarch. It was not the same as an Act of Parliament.

A journey made by a monarch around the country, including visits to towns and noble households.

Income received by the king, including money from taxation, royal lands and obligations owed by landholders.

A scientific society founded in 1660 to develop knowledge through investigation and the examination of evidence.

The monarch’s authority as head of the Church of England, replacing the authority of the pope.

Ongoing payments by a franchisee to a franchisor, often calculated as a percentage of sales revenue.

A ceremony in which a monarch touched sufferers in the belief that royal power could heal disease, especially scrofula, known as the king's evil.

The royal store of money and valuables, which provided resources for government and military action.

Revolutions per minute: the number of complete turns made in one minute.

Room temperature and pressure: for AQA gas-volume calculations, $20\,°\text{C}$ and a pressure of 1 atmosphere.

Working fat into flour with the fingertips until the mixture resembles breadcrumbs, as in shortcrust pastry making.

A pleated collar made from stiffened linen or lace; elaborate versions were fashionable displays of wealth.

The belief that people should support themselves through their own efforts rather than rely on government assistance.

A requirement governing behaviour within a particular organisation, activity or setting.

A political order in which citizens share rights rather than being subject to a single tyrant; it does not necessarily mean that all inhabitants have equal rights or that the state is democratic.

The principle that power should be exercised according to law rather than personal whim, and that rulers as well as those they govern should obey the law.

The principle that everyone, including those in authority, is subject to laws which should be applied fairly.

The principle that everyone, including the government, is subject to the law and equal before it.

A group of three words, phrases or clauses used to create rhythm and emphasis.

A marked straightedge used to draw straight lines and measure their lengths.

Rules determining where goods were sufficiently produced or processed to qualify for preferential trading terms.

The group that controls a society’s decisions and resources. In Animal Farm, the pigs become a ruling class rather than representatives accountable to the other animals.

Ideas that justify the ruling class’s dominance and present the existing social order as fair, normal or inevitable.

A special cloth used to cover the Guru Granth Sahib respectfully.