Key terms & definitions

The members of the Long Parliament left after soldiers excluded MPs in Pride’s Purge in December 1648. Cromwell expelled it in 1653, but it was recalled in 1659.

The signed change in the $x$-coordinate between two points, calculated as $x_2-x_1$.

A consecutive sequence of identical data values, such as neighbouring pixels of the same colour in a bitmap row.

A stone monument bearing an inscription in runes, the letters used in early Scandinavian writing.

A lossless compression method that represents consecutive identical data values using a run length and the repeated value.

A lossless compression method that represents each sequence of consecutive identical values using its length and the repeated value.

A channel that carries molten metal towards a mould cavity.

Regular expenses involved in operating a business, such as wages, utilities and supplies.

An ongoing expense of operating a product or system, such as buying electricity or replacement batteries.

A sentence in which main clauses are joined incorrectly, without the punctuation or conjunction needed to separate or connect them.

Clear space beyond a playing boundary that allows participants to slow down safely without hitting an obstacle.

Facilities that allow a program to execute, accept input and display output so that its behaviour can be tested.

An error encountered while a program is executing, such as attempting to divide by zero.

An error that occurs during execution, such as division by zero. If it is not handled, it stops the program.

Relating to the countryside, generally less densely populated than urban areas.

Countryside with relatively low population density, including villages, hamlets and scattered settlements.

A decrease in the number of people living in a countryside area.

The development of additional or alternative sources of income alongside or instead of traditional rural activities such as farming.

The activities through which people earn a living in the countryside, including farming and tourism.

Having insufficient income to meet needs while living in the countryside.

Poverty in the countryside, involving a lack of money and basic necessities such as sufficient food, electricity or running water.

A village, hamlet or other small settlement in the countryside.

A society in which most people live in the countryside and depend on farming for their livelihood.

The movement of people from the countryside to towns and cities to live.

The zone at the edge of a town or city where urban and rural land uses meet and mix.

Movement from the countryside to towns and cities.

The movement of people from the countryside to towns and cities to live.

A name initially associated with Scandinavian groups in eastern Europe, which came to describe the increasingly mixed society and state centred on Kyiv.

The sending of urban young people to live and work in the countryside, officially to learn from peasants.

The corrosion of iron or steel when both oxygen from the air and water are present.