Key terms & definitions

A sample whose relevant characteristics reflect those of the target population closely enough to support valid conclusions about it.

A sample chosen so that testing it gives a fair indication of the material it is intended to represent.

A sample that reflects the relevant characteristics of the population being studied.

A sample whose relevant characteristics reflect those of the population it is being used to describe.

A group selected for research that reflects the relevant characteristics of the wider population being studied.

A sample that reflects the relevant characteristics of the population being investigated.

A sample reflecting the relevant characteristics of the wider population being studied.

A sample that reflects the relevant characteristics of the target population.

A feeling or wish that is held back rather than openly expressed.

The use of force, intimidation or punishment to suppress opposition.

The suppression or restraint of feelings and desires. St John experiences romantic passion but deliberately prevents it from directing his life.

In Freud’s theory, keeping distressing memories, wishes or feelings outside conscious awareness.

An attack carried out in retaliation for an earlier attack.

Retaliatory actions taken in response to an earlier attack.

The closeness of results obtained when an investigation is repeated by another person or using different equipment or techniques.

The closeness of results obtained when measurements are repeated by different people or using different equipment or methods.

Obtaining similar results when an investigation is carried out again by another person or using different equipment or methods.

The extent to which closely agreeing results are obtained when an investigation is carried out by another person, or using different equipment or methods.

Obtaining similar findings when someone else carries out the investigation.

The process in which another scientist carries out an investigation independently to see whether comparable findings can be obtained.

The maintenance of existing workers and the raising of future generations of workers.

The preparation of new generations with the capacities and attitudes needed to work in the economy.

A chemical messenger involved in sexual development or reproduction and carried in the blood to target organs.

A difference between populations that prevents them from interbreeding to produce fertile offspring.

Rights concerning decisions about whether and when to have children, including access to contraception and abortion.

A system of government without a monarch, in which public authority is exercised through representatives and institutions.

A system of government without a monarch. The conspirators claim to defend Rome’s republican traditions against Caesar’s concentration of power.

The Roman system of government established after the expulsion of the kings, in which public offices replaced rule by a king.

In the Boer conflict, support for preserving the independence and self-government of the Boer republics against British imperial control.

A force that pushes objects away from one another.