Key terms & definitions

The number or proportion of people in a population who have a disease at a particular time.

The proportion of a population with a particular condition at a given time, often expressed as a percentage.

The proportion of a population who experienced something, such as being a victim of crime, during a specified period.

The proportion of a population who have a condition at a particular time or during a specified period, including existing cases.

A factor that lowers the birth rate and therefore limits population growth in Malthus's theory.

Action taken to stop illness developing, rather than treating someone after they become ill.

Emergency legislation passed in November 1974 which banned the IRA in Britain and gave the authorities powers including detention of suspects for up to seven days without charge and exclusion from Britain.

Action taken to reduce the risk of illness before it develops, rather than treating people only after they become ill.

An animal that is killed and eaten by a predator.

An animal that is eaten by a predator.

The amount customers are charged for a good or service.

Government limits on the prices sellers may charge for goods or services.

Charging different prices to different customer groups for the same product or service.

Setting a low initial price to attract customers and build market share, with the intention of raising it once the product is established.

A promotional offer that lowers a product’s normal selling price.

The prolonged rise in European prices from roughly 1500 to 1650, to which the influx of American silver contributed.

Setting a high initial price for a new product, then lowering it over time.

An approach a business uses to decide the price it charges for a product or service.

An approach a business uses to decide the prices it charges for its products.

A high opinion of oneself, which may become an exaggerated belief in one’s importance, abilities or superiority.

An arrogant sense of superiority over others; also called ahankar.

The army’s removal of MPs who opposed its plans in 1648, leaving a reduced House of Commons known as the Rump Parliament.

A Christian religious leader authorised to carry out duties such as leading worship and administering sacraments.

A woman who holds a religious office and performs duties connected with the worship of a deity.

The belief that all Christians share in a priestly calling and can approach God, rather than access to God belonging exclusively to ordained ministers.

The tendency to recall items at the beginning of a list better than items in the middle.

The principle that a person has a moral obligation to follow their conscience, alongside the responsibility to form it properly.

Freud’s term for a child witnessing their parents having sexual intercourse; he inferred such an event in the Wolfman’s childhood.

An alcohol in which the carbon attached to the –OH group is bonded to no more than one other carbon atom. It can be oxidised to a carboxylic acid.

A historical account compiled in Kiev around 1113, describing the early Rus rulers and settlements but also containing legendary material.